One of the fastest JSON libraries in the world. Glaze reads and writes from C++ memory, simplifying interfaces and offering incredible performance.

Glaze requires C++20, using concepts for cleaner code and more helpful errors.

• Simple registration
• Standard C++ library support
• Direct to memory serialization/deserialization
• Compile time maps with constant time lookups and perfect hashing
• Nearly zero intermediate allocations
• Direct memory access through JSON pointer syntax
• Tagged binary spec through the same API for maximum performance
• No exceptions (compiles with -fno-exceptions)
• No runtime type information necessary (compiles with -fno-rtti)
• JSON-RPC 2.0 support
• JSON Schema generation
• CSV Reading/Writing
• Much more!

Performance test code available here

Note: simdjson is great for parsing, but can experience major performance losses when the data is not in the expected sequence (the problem grows as the file size increases, as it must re-iterate through the document). And for large, nested objects, simdjson typically requires significantly more coding from the user.

ABC Test shows how simdjson has poor performance when keys are not in the expected sequence:

Tagged binary specification: Crusher

JSON message size: 616 bytes

Binary message size: 586 bytes

*Binary data packs more efficiently than JSON, so transporting the same amount of information is even faster.

Actions automatically build and test with Clang, MSVC, and GCC compilers on apple, windows, and linux.

struct my_struct
{
  int i = 287;
  double d = 3.14;
  std::string hello = "Hello World";
  std::array<uint64_t, 3> arr = { 1, 2, 3 };
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<my_struct> {
   using T = my_struct;
   static constexpr auto value = object(
      "i", &T::i,
      "d", &T::d,
      "hello", &T::hello,
      "arr", &T::arr
   );
};

JSON Output/Input

{
   "i": 287,
   "d": 3.14,
   "hello": "Hello World",
   "arr": [
      1,
      2,
      3
   ]
}

Write JSON

my_struct s{};
std::string buffer = glz::write_json(s);
// buffer is now: {"i":287,"d":3.14,"hello":"Hello World","arr":[1,2,3]}

or

my_struct s{};
std::string buffer{};
glz::write_json(s, buffer);
// buffer is now: {"i":287,"d":3.14,"hello":"Hello World","arr":[1,2,3]}

Read JSON

std::string buffer = R"({"i":287,"d":3.14,"hello":"Hello World","arr":[1,2,3]})";
auto s = glz::read_json<my_struct>(buffer);
if (s) // check for error
{
  s.value(); // s.value() is a my_struct populated from JSON
}

or

std::string buffer = R"({"i":287,"d":3.14,"hello":"Hello World","arr":[1,2,3]})";
my_struct s{};
auto ec = glz::read_json(s, buffer);
if (ec) {
  // handle error
}
// populates s from JSON

auto ec = glz::read_file(obj, "./obj.json", std::string{}); // reads as JSON from the extension
auto ec = glz::read_file_json(obj, "./obj.txt", std::string{}); // reads some text file as JSON

auto ec = glz::write_file(obj, "./obj.json", std::string{}); // writes file based on extension
auto ec = glz::write_file_json(obj, "./obj.txt", std::string{}); // explicit JSON write

include(FetchContent)

FetchContent_Declare(
  glaze
  GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/stephenberry/glaze.git
  GIT_TAG main
  GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
)

FetchContent_MakeAvailable(glaze)

target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE glaze::glaze)

• Glaze Conan recipe
• Also included in Conan Center

find_package(glaze REQUIRED)

target_link_libraries(main PRIVATE glaze::glaze)

Glaze also supports metadata provided within its associated class:

struct my_struct
{
  int i = 287;
  double d = 3.14;
  std::string hello = "Hello World";
  std::array<uint64_t, 3> arr = { 1, 2, 3 };
  
  struct glaze {
     using T = my_struct;
     static constexpr auto value = glz::object(
        "i", &T::i,
        "d", &T::d,
        "hello", &T::hello,
        "arr", &T::arr
     );
  };
};

Template specialization of glz::meta is preferred when separating class definition from the serialization mapping. Local glaze metadata is helpful for working within the local namespace or when the class itself is templated.

Glaze provides macros to more efficiently register your C++ structs.

Macros must be explicitly included via: #include "glaze/core/macros.hpp"

• GLZ_META is for external registration
• GLZ_LOCAL_META is for internal registration

struct macro_t {
   double x = 5.0;
   std::string y = "yay!";
   int z = 55;
};

GLZ_META(macro_t, x, y, z);

struct local_macro_t {
   double x = 5.0;
   std::string y = "yay!";
   int z = 55;
   
   GLZ_LOCAL_META(local_macro_t, x, y, z);
};

Link to simple JSON pointer syntax explanation

Glaze supports JSON pointer syntax access in a C++ context. This is extremely helpful for building generic APIs, which allows components of complex arguments to be accessed without needed know the encapsulating class.

my_struct s{};
auto d = glz::get<double>(s, "/d");
// d.value() is a std::reference_wrapper to d in the structure s

my_struct s{};
glz::set(s, "/d", 42.0);
// d is now 42.0

JSON pointer syntax works with deeply nested objects and anything serializable.

// Tuple Example
auto tuple = std::make_tuple(3, 2.7, std::string("curry"));
glz::set(tuple, "/0", 5);
expect(std::get<0>(tuple) == 5.0);

read_as allows you to read into an object from a JSON pointer and an input buffer.

Thing thing{};
glz::read_as_json(thing, "/vec3", "[7.6, 1292.1, 0.333]");
expect(thing.vec3.x == 7.6 && thing.vec3.y == 1292.1 &&
thing.vec3.z == 0.333);

glz::read_as_json(thing, "/vec3/2", "999.9");
expect(thing.vec3.z == 999.9);

get_as_json allows you to get a targeted value from within an input buffer. This is especially useful if you need to change how an object is parsed based on a value within the object.

std::string s = R"({"obj":{"x":5.5}})";
auto z = glz::get_as_json<double, "/obj/x">(s);
expect(z == 5.5);

get_sv_json allows you to get a std::string_view to a targeted value within an input buffer. This can be more efficient to check values and handle custom parsing than constructing a new value with get_as_json.

std::string s = R"({"obj":{"x":5.5}})";
auto view = glz::get_sv_json<"/obj/x">(s);
expect(view == "5.5");

Comments are supported with the specification defined here: JSONC

Comments may also be included in the glaze::meta description for your types. These comments can be written out to provide a description of your JSON interface. Calling write_jsonc as opposed to write_json will write out any comments included in the meta description.

struct thing {
  double x{5.0};
  int y{7};
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<thing> {
   using T = thing;
   static constexpr auto value = object(
      "x", &T::x, "x is a double",
      "y", &T::y, "y is an int"
   );
};

Prettified output:

{
  "x": 5 /*x is a double*/,
  "y": 7 /*y is an int*/
}

When using member pointers (e.g. &T::a) the C++ class structures must match the JSON interface. It may be desirable to map C++ classes with differing layouts to the same object interface. This is accomplished through registering lambda functions instead of member pointers.

template <>
struct glz::meta<Thing> {
   static constexpr auto value = object(
      "i", [](auto&& self) -> auto& { return self.subclass.i; }
   );
};

The value self passed to the lambda function will be a Thing object, and the lambda function allows us to make the subclass invisible to the object interface.

Lambda functions by default copy returns, therefore the auto& return type is typically required in order for glaze to write to memory.

Note that remapping can also be achieved through pointers/references, as glaze treats values, pointers, and references in the same manner when writing/reading.

In JSON enums are used in their string form. In binary they are used in their integer form.

enum class Color { Red, Green, Blue };

template <>
struct glz::meta<Color> {
   using enum Color;
   static constexpr auto value = enumerate("Red", Red,
                                           "Green", Green,
                                           "Blue", Blue
   );
};

In use:

Color color = Color::Red;
std::string buffer{};
glz::write_json(color, buffer);
expect(buffer == "\"Red\"");

Formatted JSON can be written out directly via a compile time option:

glz::write<glz::opts{.prettify = true}>(obj, buffer);

Or, JSON text can be formatted with the glz::prettify function:

std::string buffer = R"({"i":287,"d":3.14,"hello":"Hello World","arr":[1,2,3]})");
auto beautiful = glz::prettify(buffer);

beautiful is now:

{
   "i": 287,
   "d": 3.14,
   "hello": "Hello World",
   "arr": [
      1,
      2,
      3
   ]
}

Simplified prettify definition below, which allows the use of tabs or changing the number of spaces per indent.

string prettify(auto& in, bool tabs = false, uint32_t indent_size = 3)

Array types logically convert to JSON array values. Concepts are used to allow various containers and even user containers if they match standard library interfaces.

• glz::array (compile time mixed types)
• std::tuple
• std::array
• std::vector
• std::deque
• std::list
• std::forward_list
• std::span
• std::set
• std::unordered_set

Object types logically convert to JSON object values, such as maps. Like JSON, Glaze treats object definitions as unordered maps. Therefore the order of an object layout does not have to mach the same binary sequence in C++ (hence the tagged specification).

• glz::object (compile time mixed types)
• std::map
• std::unordered_map

Glaze supports std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, and std::optional as nullable types. Nullable types can be allocated by JSON input or nullified by the null keyword.

std::unique_ptr<int> ptr{};
std::string buffer{};
glz::write_json(ptr, buffer);
expect(buffer == "null");

glz::read_json(ptr, "5");
expect(*ptr == 5);
buffer.clear();
glz::write_json(ptr, buffer);
expect(buffer == "5");

glz::read_json(ptr, "null");
expect(!bool(ptr));

A class can be treated as an underlying value as follows:

struct S {
  int x{};
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<S> {
  static constexpr auto value{ &S::x };
};

or using a lambda:

template <>
struct glz::meta<S> {
  static constexpr auto value = [](auto& self) -> auto& { return self.x; };
};

Glaze supports registering a set of boolean flags that behave as an array of string options:

struct flags_t {
   bool x{ true };
   bool y{};
   bool z{ true };
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<flags_t> {
   using T = flags_t;
   static constexpr auto value = flags("x", &T::x, "y", &T::y, "z", &T::z);
};

Example:

flags_t s{};
expect(glz::write_json(s) == R"(["x","z"])");

Only "x" and "z" are written out, because they are true. Reading in the buffer will set the appropriate booleans.

When writing binary, flags only uses one bit per boolean (byte aligned).

See Variant Handling for details on std::variant support.

Sometimes you just want to write out JSON structures on the fly as efficiently as possible. Glaze provides tuple-like structures that allow you to stack allocate structures to write out JSON with high speed. These structures are named glz::obj for objects and glz::arr for arrays.

Below is an example of building an object, which also contains an array, and writing it out.

auto obj = glz::obj{"pi", 3.14, "happy", true, "name", "Stephen", "arr", glz::arr{"Hello", "World", 2}};

std::string s{};
glz::write_json(obj, s);
expect(s == R"({"pi":3.14,"happy":true,"name":"Stephen","arr":["Hello","World",2]})");

This approach is significantly faster than glz::json_t for generic JSON. But, may not be suitable for all contexts.

See Generic JSON for glz::json_t.

glz::json_t json{};
std::string buffer = R"([5,"Hello World",{"pi":3.14}])";
glz::read_json(json, buffer);
assert(json[2]["pi"].get<double>() == 3.14);

Glaze is safe to use with untrusted messages. Errors are returned as error codes, typically within a glz::expected, which behaves just like a std::expected.

To generate more helpful error messages, call format_error:

auto pe = glz::read_json(obj, buffer);
if (pe) {
  std::string descriptive_error = glz::format_error(pe, s);
}

This test case:

{"Hello":"World"x, "color": "red"}

Produces this error:

1:17: syntax_error
   {"Hello":"World"x, "color": "red"}
                   ^

Denoting that x is invalid here.

Glaze is just about as fast writing to a std::string as it is writing to a raw char buffer. If you have sufficiently allocated space in your buffer you can write to the raw buffer, as shown below, but it is not recommended.

glz::read_json(obj, buffer);
const auto n = glz::write_json(obj, buffer.data());
buffer.resize(n);

The glz::opts struct defines compile time optional settings for reading/writing.

Instead of calling glz::read_json(...), you can call glz::read<glz::opts{}>(...) and customize the options.

For example: glz::read<glz::opts{.error_on_unknown_keys = false}>(...) will turn off erroring on unknown keys and simple skip the items.

glz::opts can also switch between formats:

• glz::read<glz::opts{.format = glz::binary}>(...) -> glz::read_binary(...)
• glz::read<glz::opts{.format = glz::json}>(...) -> glz::read_json(...)

The struct below shows the available options and the default behavior.

struct opts {
   uint32_t format = json;
   bool comments = false; // write out comments
   bool error_on_unknown_keys = true; // error when an unknown key is encountered
   bool skip_null_members = true; // skip writing out params in an object if the value is null
   bool allow_hash_check = false; // Will replace some string equality checks with hash checks
   bool prettify = false;         // write out prettified JSON
   char indentation_char = ' ';   // prettified JSON indentation char
   uint8_t indentation_width = 3; // prettified JSON indentation size
   bool shrink_to_fit = false; // shrinks dynamic containers to new size to save memory
   bool write_type_info = true; // Write type info for meta objects in variants
   bool force_conformance = false; // Do not allow invalid json normally accepted when reading such as comments.
   bool error_on_missing_keys = false;  // Require all non nullable keys to be present in the object. Use skip_null_members = false to require nullable members
};

It can be useful to acknowledge a keys existence in an object to prevent errors, and yet the value may not be needed or exist in C++. These cases are handled by registering a glz::skip type with the meta data.

struct S {
  int i{};
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<S> {
  static constexpr auto value = object("key_to_skip", skip{}, "x", &S::i);
};

std::string buffer = R"({"key_to_skip": [1,2,3], "i": 7})";
S s{};
glz::read_json(s, buffer);
// The value [1,2,3] will be skipped
expect(s.i == 7); // only the value i will be read into

Glaze is designed to help with building generic APIs. Sometimes a value needs to be exposed to the API, but it is not desirable to read in or write out the value in JSON. This is the use case for glz::hide.

glz::hide hides the value from JSON output while still allowing API access.

struct hide_struct {
  int i = 287;
  double d = 3.14;
  std::string hello = "Hello World";
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<hide_struct> {
   using T = hide_struct;
   static constexpr auto value = object("i", &T::i,  //
                                        "d", &T::d, //
                                        "hello", hide{&T::hello});
};

hide_struct s{};
auto b = glz::write_json(s);
expect(b == R"({"i":287,"d":3.14})"); // notice that "hello" is hidden from the output

You can parse quoted JSON numbers directly to types like double, int, etc. by utilizing the glz::quoted wrapper.

struct A {
   double x;
   std::vector<uint32_t> y;
};

template <>
struct glz::meta<A> {
   static constexpr auto value = object("x", glz::quoted<&A::x>(), "y", glz::quoted<&A::y>());
};

{
  "x": "3.14",
  "y": ["1", "2", "3"]
}

The quoted JSON numbers will be parsed directly into the double and std::vector<uint32_t>. The glz::quoted function works for nested objects and arrays as well.

Glaze supports Newline Delimited JSON for array-like types (e.g. std::vector and std::tuple).

std::vector<std::string> x = { "Hello", "World", "Ice", "Cream" };
std::string s = glz::write_ndjson(x);
glz::read_ndjson(x, s);

See the ext directory for extensions.

• Eigen. Supports reading and writing from Eigen Vector types.
• JSON-RPC documentation. Glaze wrapper supporting JSON-RPC 2.0 specification.

Glaze is distributed under the MIT license.