Type-Length-Value (TLV) are used to encode arbitrary data. In this case the type and length are represented by 1 byte each. Hence the name TLV8.

A TLV8 entry consists of the following parts:

• the type: this 8 bit field denotes the type of information that is represented by the data.
• the length: this 8 bit field denotes the length of the data (this does not include the 2 bytes for type and length. For data longer than 255 bytes, there is a defined procedure available.
• the value: these length bytes represent the value of this TLV. The different types of data is represented differently:
  • bytes: this is raw binary data and will be used as is, no further interpretation takes place
  • tlv8: this is a specialized case of bytes values. Using this instead of pure bytes enables nesting of data and creating a hierarchy.
  • integer: integers are stored in little-endian byte order and are encoded with the minimal number of bytes possible (1, 2, 4 or 8)
  • float: floats are stored as little-endian ieee754 numbers
  • string: strings are always UTF-8 encoded and do not contain the terminating NULL byte

TLV8 entries whose content is longer than 255 bytes are split up into fragments. The type is repeated is repeated in each fragment, only the last fragment may contain less than 255 bytes. Fragments of one TLV8 entry must be continuous.

Multiple TLV8 entries can be combined to create larger structures. Entries of different types can placed one after another. Entries of the same type must be separated by a TLV8 entry of a different type (and probably zero length).

TLV8 entries of unknown or unwanted type are to be silently ignored.

Encoding of some atomic examples:

• an empty TLV of type 42: [42, None] will be encoded as b'\x2a\x00'.
• a TLV of type 2 with 2 bytes 0x12, 0x34: [2, b'\x12\x34'] will be encoded as b'\x02\x02\x12\x34'
• a TLV of type 3 that contains the TLV from above: [3, [2, b'\x12\x34']] will be encoded as b'\x03\x04\x02\x02\x12\x34'
• a TLV of type 4 that contains 1024: [4, 1024] will be encoded as b'\x04\0x02\x00\x04'
• a TLV of type 5 that contains 3.141: [4, 3.141] will be encoded as b'\x04\x04\x0a\xd7\x23\x41'
• a TLV of type 23 with string Hello 🌍: [23, 'Hello 🌍'] will be encoded as b'\x17\x0a\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f\x20\xf0\x9f\x8c\x8d'

Encoding of a fragmented TLV8 entry:

• an TLV of type 6 that contains 256 bytes from 0 to 255: [6, b'\x00\x01...\xfe\xff'] will be encoded as b'\x06\xff\x00...\xfe\x06\x01\xff'

Encoding of two TLV8 Entries that follow each other in the input list:

• the combination of 2 TLV8 entries ([1, 123] and [2, 'Hello']) will be encoded as b'\x01\x01\x7b\x02\x05\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f'

• a sequence of 3 TLV8 entries of type 1 ([1, 1], [1, 2] and [1, 1]) will be encoded as b'\x01\x01\x01\xff\x00\x01\x01\x02\xff\x00\x01\x01\x03'

There are two main use cases of this module.

Here we want to have a comfortable way to create a data structure in python and to encode this structure into a bytes value.

For example, create a representation containing the following structure:

• Type: 1, Value: 23
• Type: 2, Value: 2345

This can be code like that:

import tlv8

structure = [
    tlv8.Entry(1, 23),
    tlv8.Entry(2, 2345)
]
bytes_data = tlv8.encode(structure)
print(bytes_data)

And this will result in: b'\x01\x01\x17\x02\x02)\t'

Representing a line ([x: 10, y: 20] - [x: 30, y: 40]) between to points could be represented like:

• Type: 1, Value:
  • Type: 3, Value: 10
  • Type: 4, Value: 20
• Type: 2, Value:
  • Type: 3, Value: 30
  • Type: 4, Value: 40

import tlv8

structure = [
    tlv8.Entry(1, [
        tlv8.Entry(3, 10),
        tlv8.Entry(4, 10),
    ]),
    tlv8.Entry(2, [
        tlv8.Entry(3, 30),
        tlv8.Entry(4, 40),
    ])
]
bytes_data = tlv8.encode(structure)
print(bytes_data)

And this will result in: b'\x01\x06\x03\x01\n\x04\x01\n\x02\x06\x03\x01\x1e\x04\x01('

Decoding TLV8 entries from bytes data will return all bytes from all first level entries. This includes possible separator entries between entries of the same type.

Decoding can be assisted by hinting with an expected structure. To represent the structure in python dict objects are used and nested. The keys of the dict objects are the type ids of the TLV8 entries. If the id of an entry is not contained in the structure, it will be ignored.

import tlv8

in_data = b'\x01\x01\x17\x02\x02)\t'
expected_structure = {
    1: tlv8.DataType.INTEGER,
    2: tlv8.DataType.INTEGER
}
result = tlv8.decode(in_data, expected_structure)

print(tlv8.format_string(result))

This will result in:

[
  <1, 23>,
  <2, 2345>,
]

import tlv8

in_data = b'\x01\x06\x03\x01\n\x04\x01\n\x02\x06\x03\x01\x1e\x04\x01('
sub_struct = {
    3: tlv8.DataType.INTEGER,
    4: tlv8.DataType.INTEGER
}
expected_structure = {
    1: sub_struct,
    2: sub_struct
}
result = tlv8.decode(in_data, expected_structure)

print(tlv8.format_string(result))

This will result in:

[
  <1, [
    <3, 10>,
    <4, 10>,
  ]>,
  <2, [
    <3, 30>,
    <4, 40>,
  ]>,
]

Using enumerations might increase readabilty of encode end decode processes.

It is possible to use enum.IntEnum for encoding:

import tlv8
import enum

class Keys(enum.IntEnum):
    X = 42
    # ...

class Values(enum.IntEnum):
    Y = 23
    # ...

result = tlv8.encode([
    tlv8.Entry(Keys.X, Values.Y)
])

print(result)

This will result in:

b'*\x01\x17'

As during encoding, enum.IntEnum can be used for keys and values during decoding:

import tlv8
import enum

class Keys(enum.IntEnum):
    X = 42
    # ...

class Values(enum.IntEnum):
    Y = 23
    # ...

result = tlv8.decode(b'*\x01\x17', {
    Keys.X: Values
})

print(tlv8.format_string(result))
print(type(result[0].type_id), type(result[0].data))

This will result in

[
  <Keys.X, Values.Y>,
]
<enum 'Keys'> <enum 'Values'>

So the type_id and the data fields are not simple int instance anymore but values of their enumerations. This alos helps during using format_string to get a easier to read output.

The module offers the following primary functions and classes.

This function formats a list of TLV8 Entry objects as str. The hierarchy of the entries will be represented by increasing the indentation of the output.

The parameters are:

• entries: a python list of tlv8.Entries objects
• indent: the level of indentation to be used, this defaults to 0 and is increased on recursive calls for nested entries.

The function returns a str instance and raises ValueError instances if the input is not a list of tlv8.Entry objects.

Example:

import tlv8

data = [
    tlv8.Entry(1, 3.141),
    tlv8.Entry(2, [
        tlv8.Entry(3, 'hello'),
        tlv8.Entry(4, 'world'),
    ]),
    tlv8.Entry(1, 2)
]
print(tlv8.format_string(data))

This will become:

[
  <1, 3.141>,
  <2, [
    <3, hello>,
    <4, world>,
  ]>,
  <1, 2>,
]

Function to encode a list of tlv8.Entry objects into a sequence of bytes following the rules for creating TLVs. The separator_type_id is used for the separating entries between two entries of the same type.

The parameters are:

• entries: a list of tlv8.Entry objects
• separator_type_id: the 8-bit type id of the separator to be used. The default is (as defined in table 5-6, page 51 of HomeKit Accessory Protocol Specification Non-Commercial Version Release R2) 0xff.

The function returns an instance of bytes. This is empty if nothing was encoded. The function raises ValueError if the input parameter is not a list of tlv8.Entry objects or a data value is not encodable. A ValueError will also be raised if the separator_type_id is used as type_id in one of the entries as well.

Example:

import tlv8

data = [
    tlv8.Entry(1, 3.141),
    tlv8.Entry(2, [
        tlv8.Entry(3, 'hello'),
        tlv8.Entry(4, 'world')
    ]),
    tlv8.Entry(1, 2)
]
print(tlv8.encode(data))

This will result in:

b'\x01\x04%\x06I@\x02\x0e\x03\x05hello\x04\x05world\x01\x01\x02'

Function to decode a bytes or bytearray instance into a list of tlv8.Entry instances. This reverses the process done by the encode function.

The parameters are:

• data: a bytes or bytearray instance to be parsed
• expected: a dict of type ids onto expected tlv8.DataType values. If the expected entry is again a tlv8.Entry that should be parsed, use another dict to describe the hiearchical structure. This defaults to None which means not filtering will be performed but also no interpretation of the entries is done. This means they will be returned as bytes sequence.
• strict_mode: This defaults to False. If set to True, this will raise additional ValueError instances if there are possible missing separators between entries of the same type.

The function returns a list instance and raises ValueError instances if the input is either not a bytes object or an invalid tlv8 structure.

Example:

import tlv8

data = b'\x01\x04%\x06I@\x02\x0e\x03\x05hello\x04\x05world\x03\x01\x02'

structure = {
        1: tlv8.DataType.FLOAT,
        2: {
            3: tlv8.DataType.STRING,
            4: tlv8.DataType.STRING
        },
        3: tlv8.DataType.INTEGER
    }

print(tlv8.decode(data, structure))

This will result in:

[
  <1, 3.1410000324249268>,
  <2, [
    <3, hello>,
    <4, world>,
  ]>,
  <3, 2>,
]

This function works like the decode function but tries to do it recursively. That means it decodes the first level of a TLV8 structure first, then looks at each entry and tries to decode that as well. This is mostly meant for debugging purposes in combination with format_string.

Example:

import tlv8

data = b'\x01\x01\x23\x02\x03\x04\x01\x42\x01\x01\x23'
print(tlv8.deep_decode(data))

This will result in:

[
  <1, b'#'>,
  <2, [
    <4, b'B'>,
  ]>,
  <1, b'#'>,
]

Notice:

This function might misinterpret data as TLV8 data. For example

import tlv8

data = tlv8.encode([
    tlv8.Entry(1, 16843330),
    tlv8.Entry(2, b'\x01')
])

# here data is b'\x01\x04B\x02\x01\x01\x02\x01\x01'

print(tlv8.deep_decode(data))

This will result in a misinterpretation of the entry with ID 1:

[
  <1, [
    <66, b'\x01\x01'>,
  ]>,
  <2, b'\x01'>,
]

This enumeration is used to represent the data type of a tlv8.Entry.

This class represents a single entry in a TLV8 data set. The class overrides the methods __eq__, __str__ and __repr__ to fit the needs of the application.

The constructor takes the following parameters:

• type_id: the type id of the entry. Must be between 0 and 255 (8-bit type id).
• data: the data to be stored in this entry.
• data_type: the data type of the entry. Defaults to DataType.AUTODETECT.
• length: if set, this overrides the automatic length detection. This used for integer, when there is special need to set higher byte count than the value would need.

The constructor raises a ValueError if the type_id is not within the 8-bit range.

This function is called to encode the data stored in this Entry. The data type of the data will be used to decide how to encode the data. It uses the tlv8.encode() function to encode nested lists of tlv8.Entry objects.

This function formats the data stored in this entry as readable string. It is mostly called by tlv8.format_string().

This class represents a list of entries. The class overrides the methods __repr__, __eq__, __len__, __getitem__ and __iter__ to fit the needs of the application.

The constructor takes the following parameters:

• data: if set, this list of tlv8.Entry instances is used to initialize the EntryList.

The constructor raised a ValueError if the data is either not a list or not a list of tlv8.Entry instances.

Append the tlv8.Entry to the EntryList. It performs type checks, so only tlv8.Entry instances can be appended.

Looks for a tlv8.Entry instance with type_id in the first level of the EntryList. If none is found, it raises an AssertionError with the given message. This does not iterate recursivly, because the same type id may have different meanings on different levels (and different contexts).

Encodes the EntryList using the given separator type id. This relies on tlv8.encode().

Filters the EntryList and returns only Entry instance whose type_id match the given one. If no Entry instances were found it returns an empty list.

Search the EntryList for the first Entry with the given type_id. If no such Entry was found, it returns None.