Add BinaryPlatforms module in Base

Adds a new `Platform` object that represents a computing platform as a
collection of tags mapping names to values.  Typical tags are things
such as processor `arch`, operating system, which libc is being used on
the platform, etc...  However more specific tags such as what version of
libgfortran the current Julia is linked against or what version of CUDA
is supported by the host are also representable.

Certain tags may require custom comparisons (such as Julia version
number, which should match using only the major and minor version
numbers) and so custom comparators are supported.

NEWS.md

@@ -99,6 +99,9 @@ Standard library changes
 * `RegexMatch` objects can now be probed for whether a named capture group exists within it through `haskey()` ([#36717]).
 * For consistency `haskey(r::RegexMatch, i::Integer)` has also been added and returns if the capture group for `i` exists ([#37300]).
 * A new standard library `TOML` has been added for parsing and printing [TOML files](https://toml.io) ([#37034]).
+* The `Pkg.BinaryPlatforms` module has been moved into `Base` as `Base.BinaryPlatforms` and heavily reworked.
+ Applications that want to be compatible with the old API should continue to import `Pkg.BinaryPlatforms`,
+ however new users should use `Base.BinaryPlatforms` directly. ([#37320])
 
 #### LinearAlgebra
 * New method `LinearAlgebra.issuccess(::CholeskyPivoted)` for checking whether pivoted Cholesky factorization was successful ([#36002]).

base/Base.jl

@@ -236,6 +236,9 @@ include("weakkeydict.jl")
 include("logging.jl")
 using .CoreLogging
 
+# BinaryPlatforms, used by Artifacts
+include("binaryplatforms.jl")
+
 # functions defined in Random
 function rand end
 function randn end