Ergonomics & safety focused deep learning in Rust.

Still in pre-alpha state. The next few releases are planned to be breaking releases.

Features at a glance:

1. Const generic tensor library with tensors up to 4d!
2. Shape and type checked at compile time.
3. A large library of tensor operations (including matmuls, convolutions, and shape transformations)
4. Safe & easy to use neural network building blocks (including Linear, Conv2D, and Transformer).
5. Standard deep learning optimizers such as Sgd and Adam.
6. Reverse mode auto differentiation[1] implementation.
7. Serialization to/from .npy and .npz for transferring models to/from python.

dfdx is on crates.io! Use by adding this to your Cargo.toml:

dfdx = "0.9.0"

See the documentation at docs.rs/dfdx.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_differentiation#Reverse_accumulation

1. Ergonomics the whole way down (both frontend interface & internals).
2. Check as much at compile time as possible (i.e. don't compile if something is not correct).
3. Maximize performance.
4. Minimize unsafe code[1]
5. Minimize Arc/Rc and RefCells used in internal code[2]

[1] Currently the only unsafe calls are for matrix multiplication, and instantiating large arrays directly on the heap.

[2] The only things that use Arc are tensors to store their data. Arc is used instead of Box to reduce allocations when tensors are cloned.

The matrixmultiply crate is the default BLAS library. You don't need to do download/install anything for this to work!

To link to the Intel MKL libraries (assuming you installed it already) use the intel-mkl feature.

Check examples/ for more details.

1. 👌 Simple Neural Networks API, completely shape checked at compile time.

type MLP = (
    (Linear<10, 32>, ReLU),
    (Linear<32, 32>, ReLU),
    (Linear<32, 2>, Tanh),
);

fn main() {
    let mlp: MLP = Default::default();
    let x: Tensor1D<10> = Tensor1D::zeros();
    let y /*: Tensor1D<2>*/ = mlp.forward(x);
    println!("{:?}", y);
    mlp.save("checkpoint.npz")?;
}

2. 📈 Ergonomic Optimizer API

let mut model: Model = ...
let mut sgd = Sgd::new(SgdConfig {
    lr: 1e-2,
    momentum: Some(Momentum::Nesterov(0.9))
});

let loss: Tensor0D<OwnedTape> = ...

// run backprop to get the gradients
let gradients = loss.backward();
sgd.update(&mut model, gradients);

3. 💡 Tensors are backed by normal rust arrays, making it easy to access the underlying data!

let t0: Tensor0D = tensor(0.0);
assert_eq!(t0.data(), &0.0);

let t1 /*: Tensor1D<3>*/ = tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
assert_eq!(t1.data(), &[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);

let t2: Tensor2D<2, 3> = TensorCreator::ones();
assert_eq!(t2.data(), &[[1.0; 3]; 2]);

pub trait Module<Input> {
    type Output;
    fn forward(&self, input: Input) -> Self::Output;
}

From this flexible trait we get:

1. Single & batched inputs (just have multiple impls!)
2. Multiple inputs/outputs (multi-headed modules, or rnns)
3. Behavior different when tape is present or not (not the .train()/.eval() behavior present in other libraries!).

Since we can implement traits for tuples, which is not possible in other languages AFAIK, they provide a very nice frontend for sequentially executing modules.

// no idea why you would do this, but you could!
let model: (ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh) = Default::default();

let model: (Linear<10, 5>, Tanh) = Default::default();

How implementing Module for a 2-tuple looks:

impl<Input, A, B> Module<Input> for (A, B)
where
    Input: Tensor,
    A: Module<Input>,        // A is a module that takes Input
    B: Module<A::Output>,    // B is a module that takes A's Output
{
    type Output = B::Output; // the output of this is B's Output
    fn forward(&self, x: Input) -> Self::Output {
        let x = self.0.forward(x);
        let x = self.1.forward(x);
        x
    }
}

Modules implemented for Tuples up to 6 elements, but you can arbitrarily nest them!

Other implementations may store a reference to the gradient tape directly on tensors, which requires mutating tensors or using Rc/Refcells all over the place.

We've figured out an elegant way to avoid this, reducing references and dynamic borrow checks to 0!

Since all operations result in exactly 1 child, we can always move the gradient tape to the child of the last operation. Additionally, no model parameters (all tensors) will ever own the gradient tape because they will never be the result of any operation. This means we know exactly which tensor owns the gradient tape, and the tensors that have it will always be intermediate results that don't need to be maintained across gradient computation.

All of this together gives users unprecedented control/precision over what tensors are recorded on the gradient tape!

One advanced use case requires that tensors be re-used multiple times in a computation graph. This can be handled by cloning the tensor, and manually moving the gradient tape around. See examples/12-multi-headed.rs for an example.

tl;dr: If you forget to include a call to trace() or traced(), the program won't compile!

-let pred = module.forward(x);
+let pred = module.forward(x.traced());
let loss = (&y - pred).square().mean();
let gradients = loss.backward();

Since we know exactly what tensors own the gradient tape, we can require the tensor passed into .backward() to own the gradient tape! And further, we can require it be moved into .backward(), so it can destruct the tape and construct the gradients!

All of this can be checked at compile time 🎉

pub fn backward(t: Tensor0D<OwnedTape>) -> Gradients {
    ...
}

Our src/devices backend for computing operations on the CPU is built using recursive trait definitions.

The main idea behind this is similar to recursion or induction proofs. First we specify the base trait, and then we specify the recursive trait.

A simple example is counting the number of elements in an arbitrarily nested array at compile time.

First we specify the trait we want to do this:

pub trait CountElements {
    const NUM_ELEMENTS: usize;
}

Now for the base case (assuming these will be arrays of floats), is just a single floating point number:

impl CountElements for f32 {
    const NUM_ELEMENTS: usize = 1;
}

And finally the recursive trait:

impl<T: CountElements, const M: usize> CountElements for [T; M] {
    const NUM_ELEMENTS: usize = M * T::NUM_ELEMENTS;
}

Notice the restriction on T also implementing CountElements. This allows us to use T::NUM_ELEMENTS in the trait body.

Another few powerful things recursive traits can do:

1. Map all elements of arbitarily nested arrays using a function
2. Add two arrays together
3. Reduce an array to one number
4. Even more!

Encourage you to check out all the code in src/devices!

All functions & operations are tested against behavior shown by similar code in pytorch.

Dual-licensed to be compatible with the Rust project.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 or the MIT license https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT, at your option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.