A proposed WebAssembly System Interface API for machine learning (ML).

wasi-nn is currently in Phase 2.

• Andrew Brown
• Mingqiu Sun

wasi-nn must have at least two complete independent implementations.

• Introduction
• Goals
• Non-goals
• API walk-through
• Detailed design discussion
• Considered alternatives
• Stakeholder Interest & Feedback
• References & acknowledgements

wasi-nn is a WASI API for performing ML inference. Its name derives from the fact that ML models are also known as neural networks (nn). ML models are typically trained using a large data set, resulting in one or more files that describe the model's weights. The model is then used to compute an "inference," e.g., the probabilities of classifying an image as a set of tags. This API is concerned initially with inference, not training.

Why expose ML inference as a WASI API? Though the functionality of inference can be encoded into WebAssembly, there are two primary motivations for wasi-nn:

1. ease of use: an entire ecosystem already exists to train and use models (e.g., Tensorflow, ONNX, OpenVINO, etc.); wasi-nn is designed to make it easy to use existing model formats as-is
2. performance: the nature of ML inference makes it amenable to hardware acceleration of various kinds; without this hardware acceleration, inference can suffer slowdowns of several hundred times. Hardware acceleration for ML is very diverse — SIMD (e.g., AVX512), GPUs, TPUs, FPGAs — and it is unlikely (impossible?) that all of these would be supported natively in WebAssembly

WebAssembly programs that want to use a host's ML capabilities can access these capabilities through wasi-nn's core abstractions: backends, graphs, and tensors. A user selects a backend for inference and loads a model, instantiated as a graph, to use in the backend. Then, the user passes tensor inputs to the graph, computes the inference, and retrieves the tensor outputs.

wasi-nn backends correspond to existing ML frameworks, e.g., Tensorflow, ONNX, OpenVINO, etc. wasi-nn places no requirements on hosts to support specific backends; the API is purposefully designed to allow the largest number of ML frameworks to implement it. wasi-nn graphs can be passed as opaque byte sequences to support any number of model formats. This makes the API framework- and format-agnostic, since we expect device vendors to provide the ML backend and support for their particular graph format.

Users can find language bindings for wasi-nn at the wasi-nn bindings repository; request additional language support there. More information about wasi-nn can be found at:

• Blog post: Machine Learning in WebAssembly: Using wasi-nn in Wasmtime
• Blog post: Implementing a WASI Proposal in Wasmtime: wasi-nn
• Blog post: Neural network inferencing for PyTorch and TensorFlow with ONNX, WebAssembly System Interface, and wasi-nn
• Recorded talk: Machine Learning with Wasm (wasi-nn)
• Recorded talk: Lightning Talk: High Performance Neural Network Inferencing Using wasi-nn

The primary goal of wasi-nn is to allow users to perform ML inference from WebAssembly using existing models (i.e., ease of use) and with maximum performance. Though the primary focus is inference, we plan to leave open the possibility to perform ML training in the future (request training in an issue!).

Another design goal is to make the API framework- and model-agnostic; this allows for implementing the API with multiple ML frameworks and model formats. The load method will return an error message when an unsupported model encoding scheme is passed in. This approach is similar to how a browser deals with image or video encoding.

wasi-nn is not designed to provide support for individual ML operations (a "model builder" API). The ML field is still evolving rapidly, with new operations and network topologies emerging continuously. It would be a challenge to define an evolving set of operations to support in the API. Instead, our approach is to start with a "model loader" API, inspired by WebNN’s model loader proposal.

The following example describes how a user would use wasi-nn:

// Load the model.
let encoding = wasi_nn::GRAPH_ENCODING_...;
let target = wasi_nn::EXECUTION_TARGET_CPU;
let graph = wasi_nn::load(&[bytes, more_bytes], encoding, target);

// Configure the execution context.
let context = wasi_nn::init_execution_context(graph);
let tensor = wasi_nn::Tensor { ... };
wasi_nn::set_input(context, 0, tensor);

// Compute the inference.
wasi_nn::compute(context);
wasi_nn::get_output(context, 0, &mut output_buffer, output_buffer.len());

Note that the details above will depend on the model and backend used; the pseudo-Rust simply illustrates the general idea, minus any error-checking. Consult the AssemblyScript and Rust bindings for more detailed examples.

For the details of the API, see wasi-nn.wit.

Ideally, yes. In the near term, however, exposing (and implementing) the inference-focused API is sufficiently complex to postpone a training-capable API until later. Also, models are typically trained offline, prior to deployment, and it is unclear why training models using WASI would be an advantage over training them natively. (Conversely, the inference API does make sense: performing ML inference in a Wasm deployment is a known use case). See associated discussion here and feel free to open pull requests or issues related to this that fit within the goals above.

Ideally, yes. The ability to inspect models would allow users to determine, at runtime, the tensor shapes of the inputs and outputs of a model. As with ML training (above), this can be added in the future.

There are other ways to perform ML inference from a WebAssembly program:

1. a user could specify a custom host API for ML tasks; this is similar to the approach taken here. The advantages and disadvantages are in line with other "spec vs. custom" trade-offs: the user can precisely tailor the API to their use case, etc., but will not be able to switch easily between implementations.
2. a user could compile a framework and/or model to WebAssembly; this is similar to here and here. The primary disadvantage to this approach is performance: WebAssembly, even with the recent addition of 128-bit SIMD, does not have optimized primitives for performing ML inference or accessing ML-optimized hardware. The performance loss can be of several orders of magnitude.

TODO before entering Phase 3.

Many thanks for valuable feedback and advice from:

• Brian Jones
• Radu Matei
• Steve Schoettler