We expected the store streams to be "faster to be processed" than load ones. We conducted the following experiment :

• One code with multiple load streams from FPGA DRAM and 1 store stream
• One code with 1 load stream from FPGA DRAM and multiple store streams

Code structure is as follows :

Example code structure for 4 loads, 1 store streams

void launcher_loads(T *d1, T *d2, T *d3, T *d4, T *d_res, size_t N, sycl::queue queue)
{
    queue.submit([&](sycl::handler &h) {
        h.single_task([=]() [[intel::kernel_args_restrict]] {

            for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
                T x1 = d1[i];
                T x2 = d2[i];
                T x3 = d3[i];
                T x4 = d4[i];
                d_res[i] = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4;
            }

        });
    });
}

Example code structure for 4 stores.

void launcher_stores4(T *d_input, T *d1, T *d2, T *d3, T *d4, size_t N, sycl::queue queue)
{
    queue.submit([&](sycl::handler &h) {
        h.single_task([=]() [[intel::kernel_args_restrict]] {

            for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
                T input = d_input[i];
                T x1 = input + 1;
                T x2 = input + 2;
                T x3 = input + 3;
                T x4 = input + 4;

                d1[i] = x1;
                d2[i] = x2;
                d3[i] = x3;
                d4[i] = x4;
            }

        });
    });
}

We performed a few combinations of these, also varying the count of element passed and the unroll factor to ensure peak bandwidth.

On the left, comparison between 8 load + 1 store streams vs. 1 load + 1 store streams for counts of 1e6, 1e7, and 2e7 elements.

In the middle, using 1E7 elements, we compare the bandwidth for 4 load + 1 store, 5 + 1, 8 + 1, and vice versa.

On the right, using 1E7 elements, we compare a combination of 8+1 / 4+1 and vice versa for different unrolled sizes. This is to ensure full throughput.

Makefile targets : cpu, fpga_emu, report, fpga

Makefile's BOARD_NAME to be edited if target is FPGA

Compilation example :

# Compile for 4 loads, 1 store on CPU
make KERNEL_SRC=kernel_4loads.cxx cpu

# Compile for 1 lod, 8 stores on FPGA
make KERNEL_SRC=kernel_8stores.cxx fpga