ROOT needs so-called "class dictionaries" to perform I/O of custom user classes. These are auto-generated C++ source files that must be compiled as part of the application that must perform I/O of a given class. ROOT ships dictionaries for all of its own classes, but to "teach" ROOT to perform I/O of a your own types you will need to generate a dictionary file.

There are several ways to create ROOT dictionaries:

• the interactive way, via the ROOT prompt and ACLiC
• the command line way, via the rootcling command
• the CMake way

The rest of this document provides a quick-start introduction for each of these approaches and answer to some frequently asked questions on the topic. For each approach an in-depth explanation is available in the corresponding sub-directory (just follow the links).

// twoints.hpp
class TwoInts {
   int _a;
   int _b;

public:
   TwoInts() {}
   TwoInts(int a, int b) : _a(a), _b(b) {}
   int GetA() const;
   int GetB() const;
   TwoInts &SetA(int a);
   TwoInts &SetB(int b);
};

// twoints.cpp
#include "twoints.hpp"

int TwoInts::GetA() const { return _a; }
int TwoInts::GetB() const { return _b; }
TwoInts& TwoInts::SetA(int a) { _a = a; return *this; }
TwoInts& TwoInts::SetB(int b) { _b = b; return *this; }

When you compile code from the ROOT prompt using ACLiC, ROOT automatically creates dictionaries for the types defined in that code:

root [0] .L twoints.cpp+ // load twoints.cpp (`.L`) after compiling it into a library (`+`)
Info in <TUnixSystem::ACLiC>: creating shared library /home/blue/Scratchpad/work/root_dictionaries_example/interactively_with_aclic/./twoints_cpp.so
root [1] TwoInts ti(1,2);
root [2] TFile f("f.root", "recreate");
root [3] f.WriteObjectAny(&ti, "TwoInts", "ti");
root [4] TwoInts *ti_read_back = f.Get<TwoInts>("ti");

See here for more details.

Given the following LinkDef.h file:

#ifdef __CLING__
#pragma link C++ class TwoInts;
#endif

dictionaries for the TwoInts class can be generated with the following shell command:

$ rootcling twoints_dict.cpp twoints.hpp LinkDef.h

The twoints_dict.cpp source file that is generated this way must be compiled together with the application that performs I/O of the TwoInts type.

The genreflex command is also available. This is a different front-end to the exact same technology. The main difference between genreflex and rootcling is that the former takes an XML as input instead of a LinkDef file. See genreflex --help for more information.

See here for more details and a full example.

The generation of ROOT dictionaries can be integrated with a project's CMake build. To this end, ROOT defines the ROOT_GENERATE_DICTIONARY CMake function. It can be used like this:

ROOT_GENERATE_DICTIONARY(twoints_dict twoints.hpp LINKDEF LinkDef.h)

The CMake lines above instruct the build system to generate a dictionary file called twoints_dict.cxx as if rootcling was invoked like above.

See the example here for more details and a full example.

ROOT PCM files contain objects that hold information about the persistified class (name, list of datamember's names, typename, byte offsets of data members). PCMs need to be stored next to the library that contains the compiled class for ROOT to automatically pick up this information, which is necessary for I/O (??? is this true?).

ClassDef, ClassImpl and similar are pre-processor macros that inject ROOT-specific methods and features into a given class. These are runtime reflection features such as the IsA method which returns a TClass representing an object's type (the full list of the features added by ClassDef can be found at ???). You don't need to add ClassDef to your class if you don't require these features, but having a ClassDef might provide a small I/O performance benefit. If your type inherits from TObject (which is not a requirement), then a ClassDef is required: it adds implementations for parts of TObject's abstract interface. A full list of these macros with explanations is available at ???.

The most notable limiations are that ROOT does not support I/O of std::shared_ptr, std::optional and std::variant. These types or classes with data members of this type cannot yet be serialized. A default constructor (or at least an I/O constructor, see ???) is mandatory. ??? Outlined destructor? ??? Multiple inheritance?

Generating dictionaries is precisely "asking the interpreter" the information required to perform I/O of a given C++ type. The code inside dictionaries then triggers the registration of a class with ROOT's infrastructure at program initialization time, so ROOT can automatically "find back" information on the class during program execution. For very simple types, like structs with data members of fundamental types, ROOT can actually perform I/O without dictionaries; we plan to extend this capability to more types in the future.

ROOT data is very often stored inside TTree objects (which are in turn stored inside ROOT files, often manipulated via the TFile class), but it is also possible to store your custom types directly inside a TFile. To pick one or the other option, think of TFiles as directories and TTrees as databases or datasets: if you want to save a single object to a ROOT file, you can store it directly in the TFile (e.g. via TFile::WriteObjectAny); if you want to store several different values of a given type and later access all of those values as part of a single dataset/database, then it's probably better to create a TTree with the appropriate schema, add the appropriate entries to it and then save the TTree to a file.