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author = {Miguel O. Román and Zhuosen Wang and Qingsong Sun and Virginia Kalb and Steven D. Miller and Andrew Molthan and Lori Schultz and Jordan Bell and Eleanor C. Stokes and Bhartendu Pandey and Karen C. Seto and Dorothy Hall and Tomohiro Oda and Robert E. Wolfe and Gary Lin and Navid Golpayegani and Sadashiva Devadiga and Carol Davidson and Sudipta Sarkar and Cid Praderas and Jeffrey Schmaltz and Ryan Boller and Joshua Stevens and Olga M. {Ramos González} and Elizabeth Padilla and José Alonso and Yasmín Detrés and Roy Armstrong and Ismael Miranda and Yasmín Conte and Nitza Marrero and Kytt MacManus and Thomas Esch and Edward J. Masuoka},
keywords = {Suomi-NPP, JPSS, NASA black marble, VIIRS, Night lights, NTL, Urban dynamics, Long-term monitoring, Lunar BRDF, Albedo, Atmospheric correction},
abstract = {NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite (VNP46) is available at 500 m resolution since January 2012 with data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (SNPP). The retrieval algorithm, developed and implemented for routine global processing at NASA's Land Science Investigator-led Processing System (SIPS), utilizes all high-quality, cloud-free, atmospheric-, terrain-, vegetation-, snow-, lunar-, and stray light-corrected radiances to estimate daily nighttime lights (NTL) and other intrinsic surface optical properties. Key algorithm enhancements include: (1) lunar irradiance modeling to resolve non-linear changes in phase and libration; (2) vector radiative transfer and lunar bidirectional surface anisotropic reflectance modeling to correct for atmospheric and BRDF effects; (3) geometric-optical and canopy radiative transfer modeling to account for seasonal variations in NTL; and (4) temporal gap-filling to reduce persistent data gaps. Extensive benchmark tests at representative spatial and temporal scales were conducted on the VNP46 time series record to characterize the uncertainties stemming from upstream data sources. Initial validation results are presented together with example case studies illustrating the scientific utility of the products. This includes an evaluation of temporal patterns of NTL dynamics associated with urbanization, socioeconomic variability, cultural characteristics, and displaced populations affected by conflict. Current and planned activities under the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Human Planet Initiative are aimed at evaluating the products at different geographic locations and time periods representing the full range of retrieval conditions.}
}

@article{BITTNER201734,
title = {OpenStreetMap in Israel and Palestine – ‘Game changer’ or reproducer of contested cartographies?},
journal = {Political Geography},
volume = {57},
pages = {34-48},
year = {2017},
issn = {0962-6298},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.11.010},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096262981630035X},
author = {Christian Bittner},
keywords = {OpenStreetMap, Israel, Palestine, Critical cartography, Web 2.0 cartographies, Volunteered geographic information},
abstract = {In Israel and Palestine, map-making practices were always entangled with contradictive spatial identities and imbalanced power resources. Although an Israeli narrative has largely dominated the ‘cartographic battlefield’, the latest chapter of this story has not been written yet: collaborative forms of web 2.0 cartographies have restructured power relations in mapping practices and challenged traditional monopolies on map and spatial data production. Thus, we can expect web 2.0 cartographies to be a ‘game changer’ for cartography in Palestine and Israel. In this paper, I review this assumption with the popular example of OpenStreetMap (OSM). Following a mixed methods approach, I comparatively analyze the genesis of OSM in Israel and Palestine. Although nationalist motives do not play a significant role on either side, it turns out that the project is dominated by Israeli and international mappers, whereas Palestinians have hardly contributed to OSM. As a result, social fragmentations and imbalances between Israel and Palestine are largely reproduced through OSM data. Discussing the low involvement of Palestinians, I argue that OSM's ground truth paradigm might be a watershed for participation. Presumably, the project's data are less meaningful in some local contexts than in others. Moreover, the seemingly apolitical approach to map only ‘facts on the ground’ reaffirms present spatio-social order and thus the power relations behind it. Within a Palestinian narrative, however, many aspects of the factual material space might appear not as neutral physical objects but as results of suppression, in which case, any ‘accurate’ spatial representation, such as OSM, becomes objectionable.}
}

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