This project was bootstrapped with Create React App.

I have always been fascinated by synthesisers; the sounds that they can make are absolutely mesmirising, they have helped me learn a lot about what sound is physically and mathemmatically and also given me motivation to learn about other new concepts such as scale tunings etc.

As a synthesiser enthusiast, I wish that I could have a synthesiser to play with, but often the price is quite prohibitive. So I decided to build one myself. I have used Max to fulfill this void in my soul before, however I was never able to share my creations easily with anyone else. Perhaps someone didn't have the right external libraries, or they didn't have max at all, and I felt as if I would spend hours creating without any concrete goal in mind.

A while ago I heard about the Web Audio API and I thought this would be a great opportunity. Everyone has a browser. So I set out to reproduce one of my favourite synthesisers, (without ever seeing or playing a real life version of it...) the Korg MS-20.

There are many modules and many knobs so it can be a little bit overwhelming when you first try it out. Hopefully this can give you a better idea of what happens.

There are two simillar looking modules labelled as Voltage Controlled Oscillators. These are very important modules as they serve as a source of sound to manipulate with the other modules.

Both oscillators have a wave form knob. This will change the shape of the wave that they generate. There are different types of wave and they have different characteristic sounds. Choosing the wave form is an important part when constructing a sound.

Wave Form	Shape	Sound
Sawtooth		The sawtooth has a rich signal, containing rich harmonics that are ripe for filtering.
Square / Pulse		The square wave also has a rich signal but it is quite different from the saw sound.
Triangle		The triangle wave, being closer to a sinusoid, is less rich harmonically than either saw or pulse wave forms.
Noise		White noise is harmonically the richest signal (every frequency is equally represented), and can become very interesting with filtering.

The wave form labeled ring on the second oscillator is the xor of the square wave on the second oscillator and the pulse output of the first oscillator.

The pulse width affects the duty cycle of the pulse output on the first oscillator. Changing it can drastically affect the sound of both the pulse sound and the ring modulator sound on the second oscillator.

The pitch wheel on the second oscillator can be used to offset the pitch of the second oscillator from the first and can create interesting harmony. For example, the second oscillator could be set a perfect 5th above the first oscillator, producing a familliar organ sound.

Both oscillators have separate gain knobs, so their volume can be modified independently.

Similar to the pitch knob on the second oscillator, this knob offsets the total frequency, transposing the total signal.

Increasing the portamento value puts a limit on how fast the frequency can change. For eaxmple, with higher portamento time, making large interval jumps will cause the frequency to ramp up like a siren.

The modulation generator is a low frequency oscillator that can affect the total frequency going into the oscillators and the cutoff frequency of both filters.

It can be used to add a vibrato effect to the sound.

There are two filters, one is a lowpass and the other is a highpass. They bot pass frequencies that are lower or higher respectively than a threshold (known as the cutoff frequency) and limit frequencies that are outside this "pass band".

A high peak value will cause signal around the cutoff frequency to be boosted, and can cause the filters to act as oscillators in their own right.

The MS-20 is well known for its filters and their characteristic sound. It is not the intention of this project to emulate this characteristic filter sound.

There are two envelope modules that each affect different signals:

The first envelope is a delay/attack/release envelope and has three timing values. When triggered the envelope will emit a ramp that starts at 0 following these phases:

• Delay: The signal will be kept at 0 for a time until starting the attack phase.
• Attack: The signal will gradually increase to 1 and remain there until the trigger finishes before beginning the release phase.
• Release: The signal will gradually return to 0.

The second envelope has more parameters and becomes more expressive. It affects the output gain, and can affect the cutoff frequency of the filters. The value it outputs is simmilar to envelope 1, but instead of staying at 1 after the attack, it decays down to the sustain level before being released back to 0.

One of the most important parts is the keyboard! The keyboard emits a signal representing the frequency of the note that was last pressed, and also emits a trigger signal that conveys the current state of the keypress.

The keyboard can be controlled by the computer keyboard as well. The lowest note being z and going up the scale to , before starting another octave at q.