An example of how to implement composition on android components (Activity/Fragment) without any third-party library. This also gives your delegates an extra superpower of knowing the lifecycle state of its LifecycleOwner.

NB: In this post,

• I used composition and delegation interchangeably i.e. composition == delegation.
• LifecycleOwner == Activities/Fragments or your custom LifecycleOwner.

As we need to reuse logic in our Activities/Fragments, we sometimes tend to have a deep inheritance hierarchy of which not all inherited methods maybe needed and which leads to what is called "Inheritance Hell". This makes code difficult to read, navigate, and maintain. To solve this, composition is preferred over inheritance.

As the description of this example project says, we are not making use of any third-party library but rather we would be using Lifecycle-Aware Components that is part of AndroidX.

Add the lifecycle-aware dependency.

implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-ktx:2.2.0'

Create your delegate.

class ScreenshotSecurityDelegate : LifecycleObserver {
    init {
        // One place to add this observer to the calling LifecycleOwner. More on this below.
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
    fun start() {
        // Do what ever you want to happen at `onResume()` of Activity/Fragment.
        disableScreenshotUsage()
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    fun stop() {
        // Do what ever you want to happen at `onStop()` of Activity/Fragment.
        // Remove this observer from the calling LifecycleOwner.
        ...
    }

    fun enableScreenshotUsage() {
        ...
    }

    fun disableScreenshotUsage() {
        ...
    }

    ...
}

As you can see, your delegate is a LifecycleObserver, which means it can respond to lifecycle events that happen in any LifecycleOwner that adds it to its list of observers.

List of other lifecycle events can be found here.

Register your delegate to receive lifecycle events. You can do this either in your:

1. LifecycleOwner:

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    private val screenshotSecurityDelegate = ScreenshotSecurityDelegate()

     override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
         setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

         lifecycle.addObserver(screenshotSecurityDelegate)

         ...
     }

    ...
}

2. Delegate (this is preferably so as to ensure separation of concerns):

class ScreenshotSecurityDelegate(activity: AppCompatActivity) : LifecycleObserver {
    init {
        activity.lifecycle.addObserver(this)
    }
    
    ...
}

Depending on what you need to do inside your delegate (like you see above), you can tend to or not to pass the LifecycleOwner reference, but you need to handle/prevent memory leaks. You can do this by either:

1. Making your LifecycleOwner a weak reference (preferable):

class ScreenshotSecurityDelegate(activity: AppCompatActivity) : LifecycleObserver {
    private val lifecycleOwner = WeakReference(activity).get()

    ...
  
    fun disableScreenshotUsage() {
        lifecycleOwner?.run { window.addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE) }
    }
}

OR

2. Setting your LifecycleOwner to null during an ending lifecycle event (Not later than ON_STOP).

class ScreenshotSecurityDelegate(var activity: AppCompatActivity?) : LifecycleObserver {
    fun disableScreenshotUsage() {
        activity?.run { window.addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE) }
    }
    
    ...
    
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    fun stop() {
        activity = null
    }    
}

• When the LifecycleOwner is being created - The respective lifecycle methods are called in the LifecycleOwner before that of your delegates. The order in which delegates are called is based on which is declared earliest i.e. If Delegate1 is declared before Delegate2:

Call stack:
Activity/Fragment -> onCreate()
Delegate1         -> onCreate()
Delegate2         -> onCreate()
...
Activity/Fragment -> onResume()
Delegate1         -> onResume()
Delegate2         -> onResume()

• When the LifecycleOwner is being destroyed - The respective lifecycle methods are called in the delegates before that of your LifecycleOwner. The order in which delegates are called is based on which was declared latest i.e. If Delegate1 is declared before Delegate2:

Call stack:
Delegate2         -> onPause()
Delegate1         -> onPause()
Activity/Fragment -> onPause()
Delegate2         -> onStop()
Delegate1         -> onStop()
Activity/Fragment -> onStop()
...

• If your delegate depends on a class from dependency injection of which its injection call happens in onCreate() of your LifecycleOwner, you can instantiate your delegate just after the injection call, and all the methods of your delegate (annotated with lifecycle events) will still get called.

  Basically, what happens is that despite your LifecycleOwner maybe in onStart() or onResume() state, whenever your delegate gets added as an observer, its lifecycle methods are called starting from onCreate() until it gets to the current state of the LifecycleOwner.

• Your delegates are now lifecycle aware.
• Only lifecycle methods you need/create are called within your delegates.
• Ease of understanding and maintaining code.
• No dependency on third-party libraries + No need to learn how "yet another library" works.

This blog post gave me an insight into composition on android components.

To learn more about lifecycle-aware components, see its documentation.

PS: Another very important method of lifecycle-aware components is isAtLeast() which you can use to ensure your lifecycle is in a good state before calling a function that may led to a crash. More information in the documentation.

PPS: Do check out the code sample to see for yourself how it really works, star and share ;)

Thanks for reading :)