A tool designed to provide fast all-in-one preprocessing for FastQ files. This tool is developed in C++ with multithreading supported to afford high performance.

• features
• simple usage
• examples of report
• download, compile and install
• filtering by quality, length, complexity, etc.
• adapter trimming
• per read cutting by quality score
• base correction for paired end (PE) data
• globa trimming
• polyG tail trimming and polyX tail trimming
• unique molecular identifer (UMI) processing
• output splitting
• overrepresented sequence analysis
• all options
• citation

1. filter out bad reads (too low quality, too short, or too many N...)
2. cut low quality bases for per read in its 5' and 3' by evaluating the mean quality from a sliding window (like Trimmomatic but faster).
3. trim all reads in front and tail
4. cut adapters. Adapter sequences can be automatically detected,which means you don't have to input the adapter sequences to trim them.
5. correct mismatched base pairs in overlapped regions of paired end reads, if one base is with high quality while the other is with ultra low quality
6. trim polyG in 3' ends, which is commonly seen in NovaSeq/NextSeq data. Trim polyX in 3' ends to remove unwanted polyX tailing (i.e. polyA tailing for mRNA-Seq data)
7. preprocess unique molecular identifer (UMI) enabled data, shift UMI to sequence name.
8. report JSON format result for further interpreting.
9. visualize quality control and filtering results on a single HTML page (like FASTQC but faster and more informative).
10. split the output to multiple files (0001.R1.gz, 0002.R1.gz...) to support parallel processing. Two modes can be used, limiting the total split file number, or limitting the lines of each split file.
11. support long reads (data from PacBio / Nanopore devices).
12. ...

This tool is being intensively developed, and new features can be implemented soon if they are considered useful. If you have any additional requirement for fastp, please file an issue:https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp/issues/new

• for single end data (not compressed)

fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq

• for paired end data (gzip compressed)

fastp -i in.R1.fq.gz -I in.R2.fq.gz -o out.R1.fq.gz -O out.R2.fq.gz

By default, the HTML report is saved to fastp.html (can be specified with -h option), and the JSON report is saved to fastp.json (can be specified with -j option).

fastp creates reports in both HTML and JSON format.

• HTML report: https://opengene.org/fastp/fastp.html
• JSON report: https://opengene.org/fastp/fastp.json

# note: the fastp version in bioconda may be not the latest
conda install -c bioconda fastp

# this binary was compiled on CentOS, and tested on CentOS/Ubuntu
wget https://opengene.org/fastp/fastp
chmod a+x ./fastp

# get source (you can also use browser to download from master or releases)
git clone https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp.git

# build
cd fastp
make

# Install
sudo make install

Multiple filters have been implemented.

Quality filtering is enabled by default, but you can disable it by -Q or disable_quality_filtering. Currently it supports filtering by limiting the N base number (-n, --n_base_limit), and the percentage of unqualified bases.  

To filter reads by its percentage of unqualified bases, two options should be provided:

• -q, --qualified_quality_phred       the quality value that a base is qualified. Default 15 means phred quality >=Q15 is qualified.
• -u, --unqualified_percent_limit   how many percents of bases are allowed to be unqualified (0~100). Default 40 means 40%

Length filtering is enabled by default, but you can disable it by -L or --disable_length_filtering. The minimum length requirement is specified with -l or --length_required.

Low complexity filter is disabled by default, and you can enable it by -y or --low_complexity_filter. The complexity is defined as the percentage of base that is different from its next base (base[i] != base[i+1]). For example:

# a 51-bp sequence, with 3 bases that is different from its next base
seq = 'AAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCCCC'
complexity = 3/(51-1) = 6%

The threshold for low complexity filter can be specified by -Y or --complexity_threshold. It's range should be 0~100, and its default value is 30, which means 30% complexity is required.

New filters are being implemented. If you have a new idea or new request, please file an issue.

Adapter trimming is enabled by default, but you can disable it by -A or --disable_adapter_trimming. Adapter sequences can be automatically detected for both PE/SE data, which means you don't have to input the adapter sequences to trim them.

• For SE data, the adapters are evaluated by analyzing the tails of first ~1M reads. This evaluation may be inacurrate, and you can specify the adapter sequence by -a or --adapter_sequence option. If adapter sequence is specified, the auto detection for SE data will be disabled.
• For PE data, the adapters can be detected by per-read overlap analysis, which seeks for the overlap of each pair of reads. This method is robust and fast, so normally you don't have to input the adapter sequence even you know it. But you can still specify the adapter sequences for read1 by --adapter_sequence, and for read2 by --adapter_sequence_r2. If fastp fails to find an overlap (i.e. due to low quality bases), it will use these sequences to trim adapters for read1 and read2 respectively.

The sequence distribution of trimmed adapters can be found at the HTML/JSON reports.

fastp supports per read sliding window cutting by evaluate the mean quality scores in the sliding window, which is similar with how Trimmomatic does, but fastp is much faster. This function is disabled by default, to enable it, you can specify either or both of:

• -5, --cut_by_quality5              enable per read cutting by quality in front (5'), and trim leading N bases.
• -3, --cut_by_quality3             enable per read cutting by quality in tail (3'), and trim trailing N bases.

Please be noted that --cut_by_quality5 will interfere deduplication for both PE/SE data, and --cut_by_quality3 will interfere deduplication for SE data, since the deduplication algorithms rely on the exact matchment of coordination regions of the grouped reads/pairs.

The size of sliding window can be specified with -W, --cut_window_size, and the mean quality requirement can be specified with -M, --cut_mean_quality .

fastp perform overlap analysis for PE data, which try to find an overlap of each pair of reads. If an proper overlap is found, it can correct mismatched base pairs in overlapped regions of paired end reads, if one base is with high quality while the other is with ultra low quality. If a base is corrected, the quality of its paired base will be assigned to it so that they will share the same quality.  

This function is not enabled by default, specify -c or --correction to enable it.

fastp supports global trimming, which means trim all reads in the front or the tail. This function is useful since sometimes you want to drop some cycles of a sequencing run.

For example, the last cycle of Illumina sequencing is uaually with low quality, and it can be dropped with -t 1 or --trim_tail1=1 option.

• For read1 or SE data, the front/tail trimming settings are given with -f, --trim_front1 and -t, --trim_tail1.
• For read2 of PE data, the front/tail trimming settings are given with -F, --trim_front2 and -T, --trim_tail2. But if these options are not specified, they will be as same as read1 options, which means trim_front2 = trim_front1 and trim_tail2 = trim_tail1.

For Illumina NextSeq/NovaSeq data, polyG can happen in read tails since G means no signal in the Illumina two-color systems. fastp can detect the polyG in read tails and trim them. This feature is enabled for NextSeq/NovaSeq data by default, and you can specify -g or --trim_poly_g to enable it for any data, or specify -G or --disable_trim_poly_g to disable it. NextSeq/NovaSeq data is detected by the machine ID in the FASTQ records.  

A minimum length can be set with <poly_g_min_len> for fastp to detect polyG. This value is 10 by default.

This feature is similar as polyG tail trimming, but is disabled by default. Use -x or --polyX to enable it. A minimum length can be set with <poly_x_min_len> for fastp to detect polyX. This value is 10 by default.

When polyG tail trimming and polyX tail trimming are both enabled, fastp will perform polyG trimming first, then perform polyX trimming. This setting is useful for trimming the tails having polyX (i.e. polyA) before polyG. polyG is usually caused by sequencing artifacts, while polyA can be commonly found from the tails of mRNA-Seq reads.

UMI is useful for duplication elimination and error correction based on generating consensus of reads originated from a same DNA fragment. It's usually used in deep sequencing applications like ctDNA sequencing. Commonly for Illumina platforms, UMIs can be integrated in two different places: index or head of read.   To enable UMI processing, you have to enable -U or --umi option in the command line, and specify --umi_loc to specify the UMI location, it can be one of:

• index1 the first index is used as UMI. If the data is PE, this UMI will be used for both read1/read2.
• index2 the second index is used as UMI. PE data only, this UMI will be used for both read1/read2.
• read1 the head of read1 is used as UMI. If the data is PE, this UMI will be used for both read1/read2.
• read2 the head of read2 is used as UMI. PE data only, this UMI will be used for both read1/read2.
• per_index index1_index2 is used as UMI for both read1/read2.
• per_read define umi1 as the head of read1, and umi2 as the head of read2. umi1_umi2 is used as UMI for both read1/read2.

If --umi_loc is specified with read1, read2 or per_read, the length of UMI should specified with --umi_len.

fastp will extract the UMIs, and append them to the first part of read names, so the UMIs will also be presented in SAM/BAM records. If the UMI is in the reads, then it will be shifted from read so that the read will become shorter. If the UMI is in the index, it will be kept.

A prefix can be specified with --umi_prefix. If prefix is specified, an underline will be used to connect it and UMI. For example, UMI=AATTCCGG, prefix=UMI, then the final string presented in the name will be UMI_AATTCCGG.

If the UMI location is read1/read2/per_read, fastp can skip some bases after UMI to trim the UMI separator and A/T tailing. Specify --umi_skip to enable the number of bases to skip. By default it is not enabled.

The original read:

@NS500713:64:HFKJJBGXY:1:11101:1675:1101 1:N:0:TATAGCCT+GACCCCCA
AAAAAAAAGCTACTTGGAGTACCAATAATAAAGTGAGCCCACCTTCCTGGTACCCAGACATTTCAGGAGGTCGGGAAA
+
6AAAAAEEEEE/E/EA/E/AEA6EE//AEE66/AAE//EEE/E//E/AA/EEE/A/AEE/EEA//EEEEEEEE6EEAA

After it's processed with command: fastp -i R1.fq -o out.R1.fq -U --umi_loc=read1 --umi_len=8:  

@NS500713:64:HFKJJBGXY:1:11101:1675:1101:AAAAAAAA 1:N:0:TATAGCCT+GACCCCCA
GCTACTTGGAGTACCAATAATAAAGTGAGCCCACCTTCCTGGTACCCAGACATTTCAGGAGGTCGGGAAA
+
EEE/E/EA/E/AEA6EE//AEE66/AAE//EEE/E//E/AA/EEE/A/AEE/EEA//EEEEEEEE6EEAA

For parallel processing of FASTQ files (i.e. alignment in parallel), fastp supports splitting the output into multiple files. The splitting can work with two different modes: by limiting file number or by limiting lines of each file. These two modes cannot be enabled together.  

The file names of these split files will have a sequential number prefix, adding to the original file name specified by --out1 or --out2, and the width of the prefix is controlled by the -d or --split_prefix_digits option. For example, --split_prefix_digits=4, --out1=out.fq, --split=3, then the output files will be 0001.out.fq,0002.out.fq,0003.out.fq

Use -s or --split to specify how many files you want to have. fastp evaluates the read number of a FASTQ by reading its first ~1M reads. This evaluation is not accurate so the file sizes of the last several files can be a little differnt (a bit bigger or smaller). For best performance, it is suggested to specify the file number to be a multiple of the thread number.

Use -S or --split_by_lines to limit the lines of each file. The last files may have smaller sizes since usually the input file cannot be perfectly divided. The actual file lines may be a little greater than the value specified by --split_by_lines since fastp reads and writes data by blocks (a block = 1000 reads).

Overrepresented sequence analysis is disabled by default, you can specify -p or --overrepresentation_analysis to enable it. For consideration of speed and memory, fastp only counts sequences with length of 10bp, 20bp, 40bp, 100bp or (cycles - 2 ).

By default, fastp uses 1/20 reads for sequence counting, and you can change this settings by specifying -P or --overrepresentation_sampling option. For example, if you set -P 100, only 1/100 reads will be used for counting, and if you set -P 1, all reads will be used but it will be extremely slow. The default value 20 is a balance of speed and accuracy.

fastp not only gives the counts of overrepresented sequence, but also gives the information that how they distribute over cycles. A figure is provided for each detected overrepresented sequence, from which you can know where this sequence is mostly found.

usage: fastp -i <in1> -o <out1> [-I <in1> -O <out2>] [options...]
options:
  # I/O options
  -i, --in1                          read1 input file name (string)
  -o, --out1                         read1 output file name (string [=])
  -I, --in2                          read2 input file name (string [=])
  -O, --out2                         read2 output file name (string [=])
  -6, --phred64                      indicates the input is using phred64 scoring (it'll be converted to phred33, so the output will still be phred33)
  -z, --compression                  compression level for gzip output (1 ~ 9). 1 is fastest, 9 is smallest, default is 2. (int [=2])
  
  # adapter trimming options
  -A, --disable_adapter_trimming     adapter trimming is enabled by default. If this option is specified, adapter trimming is disabled
  -a, --adapter_sequence               the adapter for read1. For SE data, if not specified, the adapter will be auto-detected. For PE data, this is used if R1/R2 are found not overlapped. (string [=auto])
      --adapter_sequence_r2            the adapter for read2 (PE data only). This is used if R1/R2 are found not overlapped. If not specified, it will be the same as <adapter_sequence> (string [=])
    
  # global trimming options
  -f, --trim_front1                  trimming how many bases in front for read1, default is 0 (int [=0])
  -t, --trim_tail1                   trimming how many bases in tail for read1, default is 0 (int [=0])
  -F, --trim_front2                  trimming how many bases in front for read2. If it's not specified, it will follow read1's settings (int [=0])
  -T, --trim_tail2                   trimming how many bases in tail for read2. If it's not specified, it will follow read1's settings (int [=0])

  # polyG tail trimming, useful for NextSeq/NovaSeq data
  -g, --trim_poly_g                  force polyG tail trimming, by default trimming is automatically enabled for Illumina NextSeq/NovaSeq data
      --poly_g_min_len                 the minimum length to detect polyG in the read tail. 10 by default. (int [=10])
  -G, --disable_trim_poly_g          disable polyG tail trimming, by default trimming is automatically enabled for Illumina NextSeq/NovaSeq data

  # polyX tail trimming
  -x, --trim_poly_x                    enable polyX trimming in 3' ends.
      --poly_x_min_len                 the minimum length to detect polyX in the read tail. 10 by default. (int [=10])
  
  # per read cutting by quality options
  -5, --cut_by_quality5              enable per read cutting by quality in front (5'), default is disabled (WARNING: this will interfere deduplication for both PE/SE data)
  -3, --cut_by_quality3              enable per read cutting by quality in tail (3'), default is disabled (WARNING: this will interfere deduplication for SE data)
  -W, --cut_window_size              the size of the sliding window for sliding window trimming, default is 4 (int [=4])
  -M, --cut_mean_quality             the bases in the sliding window with mean quality below cutting_quality will be cut, default is Q20 (int [=20])
  
  # quality filtering options
  -Q, --disable_quality_filtering    quality filtering is enabled by default. If this option is specified, quality filtering is disabled
  -q, --qualified_quality_phred      the quality value that a base is qualified. Default 15 means phred quality >=Q15 is qualified. (int [=15])
  -u, --unqualified_percent_limit    how many percents of bases are allowed to be unqualified (0~100). Default 40 means 40% (int [=40])
  -n, --n_base_limit                 if one read's number of N base is >n_base_limit, then this read/pair is discarded. Default is 5 (int [=5])
  
  # length filtering options
  -L, --disable_length_filtering     length filtering is enabled by default. If this option is specified, length filtering is disabled
  -l, --length_required              reads shorter than length_required will be discarded, default is 15. (int [=15])

  # low complexity filtering
  -y, --low_complexity_filter          enable low complexity filter. The complexity is defined as the percentage of base that is different from its next base (base[i] != base[i+1]).
  -Y, --complexity_threshold           the threshold for low complexity filter (0~100). Default is 30, which means 30% complexity is required. (int [=30])


  # base correction by overlap analysis options
  -c, --correction                   enable base correction in overlapped regions (only for PE data), default is disabled
  
  # UMI processing
  -U, --umi                          enable unique molecular identifer (UMI) preprocessing
      --umi_loc                      specify the location of UMI, can be (index1/index2/read1/read2/per_index/per_read, default is none (string [=])
      --umi_len                      if the UMI is in read1/read2, its length should be provided (int [=0])
      --umi_prefix                   if specified, an underline will be used to connect prefix and UMI (i.e. prefix=UMI, UMI=AATTCG, final=UMI_AATTCG). No prefix by default (string [=])
      --umi_skip                       if the UMI is in read1/read2, fastp can skip several bases following UMI, default is 0 (int [=0])

  # overrepresented sequence analysis
  -p, --overrepresentation_analysis    enable overrepresented sequence analysis.
  -P, --overrepresentation_sampling    One in (--overrepresentation_sampling) reads will be computed for overrepresentation analysis (1~10000), smaller is slower, default is 20. (int [=20])

  # reporting options
  -j, --json                         the json format report file name (string [=fastp.json])
  -h, --html                         the html format report file name (string [=fastp.html])
  -R, --report_title                 should be quoted with ' or ", default is "fastp report" (string [=fastp report])
  
  # thread options
  -w, --thread                       worker thread number, default is 3 (int [=3])
  
  # output splitting options
  -s, --split                        split output by limiting total split file number with this option (2~999), a sequential number prefix will be added to output name ( 0001.out.fq, 0002.out.fq...), disabled by default (int [=0])
  -S, --split_by_lines               split output by limiting lines of each file with this option(>=1000), a sequential number prefix will be added to output name ( 0001.out.fq, 0002.out.fq...), disabled by default (long [=0])
  -d, --split_prefix_digits          the digits for the sequential number padding (1~10), default is 4, so the filename will be padded as 0001.xxx, 0 to disable padding (int [=4])
  
  # help
  -?, --help                         print this message

You can cite fastp's bioRxiv paper:  

Shifu Chen, Yanqing Zhou, Yaru Chen, Jia Gu. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor. bioRxiv 274100; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/274100