[core] catch exception in async_callback (ray-project#46488)

Signed-off-by: hongchaodeng <[email protected]>

python/ray/_raylet.pyx

@@ -5169,6 +5169,10 @@ cdef void async_callback(shared_ptr[CRayObject] obj,
 
  user_callback = <object>user_callback_ptr
  user_callback(result)
+ except Exception:
+ # Only log the error here because this calllback is called from Cpp
+ # and Cython will ignore the exception anyway
+ logger.exception(f"failed to run async callback (user func)")
  finally:
  # NOTE: we manually increment the Python reference count of the callback when
  # registering it in the core worker, so we must decrement here to avoid a leak.