Welcome to the Lu-Tze C++ Garbage Collector version 2.2.0.

For Terry Pratchett fans, Lu-Tze is a familiar figure, however for the uninitiated, the character is known for being the only master of 'Déjà fu' and is generally referred to as the mystical 'sweeper'.

As part of general experimentation for a separate project called Lucene++ I put together this simple garbage collector. Right now, Lucene++ relies heavily on boost::shared_ptr and this is fine for the most part, however there are some areas where performance is a concern. Therefore, in order to keep the existing code clean (baring in mind Lucene++ is a C++ port of Java code), I decided to investigate alternative object lifetime mechanisms.

Also, it's worth making clear that the Lutze Garbage Collector is only intended to control object lifetimes and is not a complete memory manager solution.

• Cross-platform code - tested on Windows, Mac and Linux.
• Thread safe and multi-thread compatible.
• Supports garbage collected objects and collections.
• Does not stop the (entire) world when performing collections.
• Destructors called when objects are destroyed.
• Works well with unmanaged objects.

Because there has to be some rules, right?

• You must first call gc::gc_init() to initialize the garbage collector.
• All garbage collected (managed) objects must derive from lutze::gc_object
• The mark_members() method must be overridden to mark all member gc_object pointers.
• Care must be taken to ensure destructors do not contain non-trivial code, since objects may be destroyed at any time and not necessarily from the same thread that they were created.
• Using garbage collected objects doesn't mean you can abandon all thinking!

All garbage collected objects must be derived from lutze::gc_object:

#include "gc.h"

using namespace lutze;

class example_object;
typedef gc_ptr<example_object> example_object_ptr;

class example_object : public gc_object
{
public:
    example_object(const std::string& test) : member1(test)
    {
        // member2 will be initialized for you
    }

    virtual ~example_object()
    {
        // destructor called when object is destroyed
    }

    virtual void mark_members(gc* gc) const
    {
        gc->mark(member2);
    }

protected:
    std::string member1; // unmanaged member is ok
    example_object_ptr member2; // managed member
};

gc::gc_init();

...

// NOTE: new_gc<>() will instantiate an object using the garbage collector
// assigned to this thread. It's usage is similar to boost::make_shared<>()
example_object_ptr test = new_gc<example_object>();

...

// NOTE: explicitly calling gc::get_gc().collect() is not required since
// collection is performed if necessary during calls to new_gc<>(). However
// there is nothing stopping you from collecting periodically if necessary.
gc::get_gc().collect();

All pointers to garbage collected objects are managed through smart pointers that share similar characteristics to boost::shared_ptr, but don't perform any reference counting or locking and are therefore completely thread-safe. Their job is to simplify pointer initialization and automatically collecting unreferenced objects without you having to think about things too much.

Statically allocated gc objects are instantiated slightly differently since their lifetimes are managed separately:

#include "gc.h"

using namespace lutze;

example_object_ptr example_ptr = new_static_gc<example_object>();

Lutze also supports collections of managed objects, including:

• vectors
• deques
• sets
• maps
• lists

In order to also support additional collections, such as boost::unordered_set, you supply the collection type itself when creating:

#include "gc.h"
#include "gc_container.h"

using namespace lutze;

class example_key : public gc_object
{
public:
    example_key(const std::string& key) : key(key) {}
    std::string key;
};

class example_value : public gc_object
{
public:
    example_value(const std::string& value) : value(value) {}
    std::string value;
};

typedef gc_ptr<example_key> example_key_ptr;
typedef gc_ptr<example_value> example_value_ptr;

typedef map_ptr< std::map<example_key_ptr, example_value_ptr> > std_map;
typedef set_ptr< boost::unordered_set<example_key_ptr> > boost_set;

gc::gc_init();

...

std_map example_map = new_map<std_map::map_type>();
boost_set example_set = new_set<boost_set::set_type>();

You can use a collection instance just like you would for a normal std collection:

example_set.insert(new_gc<example_key>("hello"));
example_map[new_gc<example_key>("hello")] = new_gc<example_value>("world");

If you're using boost::thread, then things should just work (tm), however if you're using native threads (pthreads, Windows threads, etc), then you will need to call boost::on_thread_exit() when the native thread completes. This is because there is no reliable cross-platform way of detecting thread completion.

A single gc instance is maintained per thread that controls the lifetime of objects registered to it. Objects are registered at the point of creation and stored in a hash map, keyed by it's address.

The basic mechanism follows the familiar mark-sweep pattern, however one of the main differences to other garbage collectors is that unreferenced objects are first transfered to other gc instances (after recording a history of where the object has been) in case ownership has transfered to another thread. Only when an unreferenced object has visited all running gc's is it destroyed.

There are a few recognized problems with this approach, including the possibility of a race condition when or if hundreds of threads are continually created and destroyed. Care must be taken that this does not happen - it could be argued that this would be a poor design decision anyway.

Another inherent problem is that transfered objects could queue up against gc's that don't perform any new_gc<> calls. Unfortunately, there doesn't seem to be any clean solution to this problem, and it is left to the developer to make sure that any long running threads should occasionally call new_gc<> or manually trigger collections by calling gc::get_gc().collect() periodically.

As previously described, statically created managed objects should be created using new_static_gc<> because they use a separate gc instance. Objects created statically are destroyed when the application exits.

Simply run CMake to generate the required Makefile or project and build the unit test application gc_test.

Note: The Lutze garbage collector uses Boost in order to provide cross-platform support for threads, plus some other useful utilities such as boost::unordered_map.

For Windows users, BoostPro has some pre-compiled packages that make using Boost libraries easier.

Note: In order to avoid false reporting of memory leaks when debugging in Windows, call gc::gc_term() before exit to clean up.

Parts of the stack-scanning were inspired by the Tamarin project. Particular credit should go to:

• Tommy Reilly
• Edwin Smith
• Leon Sha

• Add weak pointer support.
• Improve collection policy. Right now collection is only triggered by the frequency of object creations and/or the number of objects waiting to be transfered.
• Add support for incremental mark and sweep.
• Include some sort of performance testing metrics.
• Add gc collection statistics (times, frequency, queue sizes, etc)
• Perhaps introduce support for generations.
• Investigate ways to minimize problems or race conditions outlined above.
• Look at ways to eliminate the need for mark_members().