Patterns like the following are commonplace throughout the JavaScript ecosystem:

// file: src/index.js
const { name: pkgName } = require('../package.json');

With TypeScript and more modern JavaScript, we'd achieve the same with the following:

// file: src/index.ts
import { name as pkgName } from '../package.json';

However, running this through Webpack will trigger warnings like WARNING in ./src/index.ts 6:30-37 Should not import the named export 'name' (imported as 'pkgName') default-exporting module (only default export is available soon).

This simple Babel plugin makes these warnings and errors go away by transforming named import declarations of CJS and JSON modules into default import declarations with constant destructuring assignments. The goal is to make that delicious const { ... } = require(...) sugar forward-compatible by allowing imports of named CJS exports to remain consistent across CJS and ESM source, and to prevent some versions of Webpack, Node, browsers, et cetera from choking when encountering it.

npm install --save-dev babel-plugin-transform-default-named-imports

And in your babel.config.js:

module.exports = {
  plugins: ['transform-default-named-imports']
};

Keep in mind plugin order matters with Babel!

And finally, run Babel through your toolchain (Webpack, Jest, etc) or manually. For example:

npx babel src --out-dir dist

By default, this plugin will transform named imports for Node's built-in packages (e.g. http, url, path), for sources that end in .json, and for any CJS package under node_modules (determined by webpack-node-module-types). All other imports, including local imports, are left untouched.

As of [email protected], Webpack does not properly tree-shake constant destructuring assignments of JSON imports without a little help. Until Webpack's handling of JSON modules stabilizes, externalize all JSON imports as commonjs:

// file: webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
...
  externals: [
    ...
    ({ request }, cb) =>
      // ? Externalize all .json imports (required as commonjs modules)
      /\.json$/.test(request) ? cb(null, `commonjs ${request}`) : cb()
  ]
};

If you do not externalize your JSON imports, you risk bloating your bundle size!

Out of the box with zero configuration, the default settings this plugin uses look something like the following:

const { determineModuleTypes } = require('webpack-node-module-types/sync');

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        test: [
          // ▼ match all CJS modules, even deep imports: require('pkg/d/e/e/p')
          ...determineModuleTypes().cjs.map(strToOpenEndedRegex),
          // ▼ match JSON modules, including relative imports
          /^(\.(\.)?\/)+(.+)\.json$/
        ],
        include: [], // ◄ these module names are appended to the `test` array
        exclude: [], // ◄ never excludes modules by default
        transformBuiltins: true, // ◄ match all built-in modules
        silent: true, // ◄ output results to stdout if silent === false
        verbose: false, // ◄ output detailed results if silent === false
        monorepo: false // ◄ enable this plugin to work in a monorepo context
      }
    ]
  ]
};

You can manually specify which import sources are CJS using the test and exclude configuration options, which accept an array of strings/RegExp items to match sources against. If a string begins and ends with a / (e.g. /^apollo/), it will be evaluated as a case-insensitive RegExp item. Named imports with sources that match any item in test and fail to match all items in exclude will be transformed. You can also skip transforming built-ins by default (unless they match in test) using transformBuiltins: false.

For instance, to exclusively transform any imports (bare or deep) of apollo-server and any built-ins like url from the above example, babel.config.js would include:

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        // ▼ regex matches any import that starts with 'apollo-server'
        test: [/^apollo-server/]
      }
    ]
  ]
};

Replacing the test array like this also replaces the default list of CJS modules from node_modules. To append rather than replace, you can do something like:

npm install --save-dev webpack-node-module-types

const { determineModuleTypes } = require('webpack-node-module-types/sync');

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        // ▼ extend, rather than override, the default settings
        test: [
          // ▼ prevent `next` and any deep import like `next/dist/next-server`
          // ▼ from being misclassified as CJS
          ...determineModuleTypes().cjs.filter(
            (p) => !/^next([/?#].+)?/.test(p)
          ),
          // ▼ add CJS package `something-special` misclassified as ESM
          'something-special'
        ]
      }
    ]
  ]
};

If you're running this babel plugin within a monorepo, consider using the monorepo option. This enables either the upward or relative root mode functionality of the underlying webpack-node-module-types package.

When monorepo is set to true, upward root mode is used. This looks for the closest node_modules directory within any ancestor directory and throws if it doesn't exist; errors are prevented when a "local" node_modules is not found in the current working directory.

Example:

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        // ▼ enable monorepo support when cwd() === sub-dir within monorepo
        monorepo: true
      }
    ]
  ]
};

Inversely, when monorepo is set to a relative path string, relative root mode is used. This looks for a node_modules directory at said path, but no error is thrown if it does not exist. Instead, the current working directory must contain a "local" node_modules directory or an error will be thrown.

Example:

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        // ▼ enable monorepo support when cwd() === monorepo root
        monorepo: './packages/pkg-1/node_modules'
      }
    ]
  ]
};

The leading dot (./ or ../) in the relative path version is required!

Firstly, this package uses the debug package under the hood, so running babel with the DEBUG='*:*' environment variable set will yield all sorts of useful information to your CLI.

If all you want to do is ignore a misclassified module like next in the previous section, it's easier to just exclude it:

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        exclude: [/^next([/?#].+)?/]
      }
    ]
  ]
};

This is useful when webpack-node-module-types misclassifies a package or you want to more easily override the defaults.

A clue that a package is being misclassified is when you encounter errors like TypeError: Cannot destructure property 'X' of '_X.default' as it is undefined. For example, in the case of the following deep next import:

import { apiResolver } from 'next/dist/next-server/server/api-utils.js';

Without adding the exclude configuration key above, Webpack 5.20 reports the following error: TypeError: Cannot destructure property 'apiResolver' of '_apiUtils.default' as it is undefined. After adding the exclude key, this error disappears.

Similar to exclude, you can use include to append a module name or regex to the final list of CJS modules rather than adding webpack-node-module-types as a dependency and necessarily overwriting the entire test array.

This:

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        include: ['package']
      }
    ]
  ]
};

Instead of this:

const { determineModuleTypes } = require('webpack-node-module-types/sync');

module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    [
      'transform-default-named-imports',
      {
        test: [...determineModuleTypes().cjs, 'package']
      }
    ]
  ]
};

This is especially useful when using the monorepo option, which passes custom configuration to determineModuleTypes(...) that shouldn't be overwritten.

As of Node 14, there are at least two "gotcha" rules when writing ESM modules (files that end in .mjs):

1. All import sources that are not bare and not found in the package's imports/exports key must include a file extension. This includes imports on directories e.g. import { Button} from './component/button', which should appear in an .mjs file as import { Button } from './component/button/index.mjs'.

2. CJS modules can only be imported using default import syntax. As far as Webpack is concerned, this includes built-ins too. For example, import { parse } from 'url' is illegal because url is considered a CJS module.

Node 14 is lax with the second rule, going so far as to use static analysis to allow CJS modules to be imported using the "technically illegal" named import syntax. However, Webpack and other bundlers are much stricter about this and using named import syntax on a CJS module can cause bundling to fail outright.

For instance, suppose one uses Babel to transpile this TypeScript file into the ESM entry point my-package.mjs for a dual CJS2/ESM package:

/* my-package.ts */

// ▼ #1: an "illegal" named bare CJS import
import { ApolloServer, gql } from 'apollo-server';
// ▼ #2: a legal named deep ESM import
import { Button } from 'ui-library/es';
// ▼ #3: an "illegal" named built-in import
import { parse as parseUrl } from 'url';
// ▼ #4: a legal default bare CJS import and a legal namespace bare CJS import
import lib, * as libNamespace from 'cjs-component-library';
// ▼ #5: a legal default bare CJS import and an "illegal" named bare CJS import
import lib2, { item1, item2 } from 'cjs2-component2-library2';
// ▼ #6: a legal default bare CJS import
import lib3 from 'cjs3-component3-library3';
// ▼ #7: a legal namespace bare CJS import
import * as lib4 from 'cjs4-component4-library4';
// ▼ #8: a legal named relative ESM import using .mjs (.ts is not allowed here!)
import { util } from '../lib/module-utils.mjs';
// ▼ #9: an "illegal" named deep CJS import
import {
  default as util2,
  util as smUtil,
  cliUtil
} from 'some-package/dist/utils.js';

// ...

The above syntax, which is all legal in Node 14 and TypeScript, will survive transpilation when emitting my-package.mjs. Running this with node my-package.mjs works. Further, after running this file as an entry point through Webpack (with babel-loader) and emitting CJS bundle file my-package.js, running node my-package.js also works. Everything works, and my-package.mjs + my-package.js can be distributed as a dual CJS2/ESM package!

Problem: when Webpack attempts to process this as a tree-shakable ESM package (using our .mjs entry point), at worst it'll choke and die encountering the "illegal" CJS named imports. This manifests as strange errors like ERROR in ./my-package.mjs Can't import the named export 'ApolloServer' from non EcmaScript module (only default export is available) or ERROR in ./node_modules/my-package/dist/my-package.mjs Can't import the named export 'parse' from non EcmaScript module (only default export is available). In more recent versions of Webpack, this can lead to similar warnings when transpiling TypeScript source.

babel-plugin-transform-default-named-imports remedies this and similar issues by transforming each named import of a CJS module into a default CJS import with a constant destructuring assignment of the named imports:

/* my-package.mjs (using babel-plugin-transform-default-named-imports) */

// ▼ #1: named CJS import (transformed)
import _apolloServer from 'apollo-server'; // ◄ default import
const { ApolloServer, gql } = _apolloServer; // ◄ destructuring assignment
// ▼ #2: named ESM import (preserved)
import { Button } from 'ui-library/es';
// ▼ #3: named built-in import (transformed)
import _url from 'url'; // ◄ default import
const { parse: parseUrl } = _url; // ◄ destructuring assignment
// ▼ #4: default and namespace CJS import (preserved)
import lib, * as libNamespace from 'cjs-component-library';
// ▼ #5: default CJS import (preserved); named CJS import (transformed)
import lib2 from 'cjs2-component2-library2'; // ◄ default import (preserved)
const { item1, item2 } = lib2; // ◄ destructuring assignment
// ▼ #6: default CJS import (preserved)
import lib3 from 'cjs3-component3-library3';
// ▼ #7: namespace CJS import (preserved)
import * as lib4 from 'cjs4-component4-library4';
// ▼ #8: named ESM import (preserved) (eliminated by Webpack through bundling)
import { util } from '../lib/module-utils.mjs';
// ▼ #9: named CJS import (default alias is preserved, rest is transformed)
import util2 from 'some-package/dist/utils.js'; // ◄ default import (preserved)
const { util: smUtil, cliUtil } = util2; // ◄ destructuring assignment

Now, having my-package import CJS modules as if they were ESM causes no warnings or errors! 🎉

Hence, this transformation is mainly useful for library authors shipping packages with ESM entry points as it prevents various bundlers from choking on delicious sugar like named imports of CJS modules. It's a solution to a different symptom of this problem.

This plugin is somewhat similar to babel-plugin-transform-default-import and babel-plugin-transform-named-imports. You could say this plugin is the functional intersection of the aforementioned.

New issues and pull requests are always welcome and greatly appreciated! If you submit a pull request, take care to maintain the existing coding style and add unit tests for any new or changed functionality. Please lint and test your code, of course!