The Secondary-VM work proposes a proof of concept of removing nested virtualization and spawning secondary VMs at the same level of regular VMs (i.e., level 1), which achieves high performance and confidentiality. This work has been published in IEEE CLOUD 2023.
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Mengmei Ye, Angelo Ruocco, Daniele Buono, James Bottomley and Hubertus Franke. "Free the Turtles: Removing Nested Virtualization for Performance and Confidentiality in the Cloud." IEEE CLOUD, 2023.