Note: This page documents the latest development version of STUNner. See the documentation for the stable version here.

Ever wondered how to deploy your WebRTC infrastructure into the cloud? Frightened away by the complexities of Kubernetes container networking, and the surprising ways in which it may interact with your UDP/RTP media? Read through the endless stream of Stack Overflow questions asking how to scale WebRTC services with Kubernetes, just to get (mostly) insufficient answers? Want to safely connect your users behind a NAT, without relying on expensive third-party TURN services?

Worry no more! STUNner allows you to deploy any WebRTC service into Kubernetes, smoothly integrating it into the cloud-native ecosystem. STUNner exposes a standards-compliant STUN/TURN gateway for clients to access your virtualized WebRTC infrastructure running in Kubernetes, maintaining full browser compatibility and requiring minimal or no modification to your existing WebRTC codebase. STUNner supports the Kubernetes Gateway API so you can configure it in the familiar YAML-engineering style via Kubernetes manifests.

1. Description
2. Features
3. Getting started
4. Tutorials
5. Documentation
6. Caveats
7. Milestones

Currently WebRTC lacks a virtualization story: there is no easy way to deploy a WebRTC media service into Kubernetes to benefit from the resiliency, scalability, and high availability features we have come to expect from modern network services. Worse yet, the entire industry relies on a handful of public STUN servers and hosted TURN services to connect clients behind a NAT/firewall, which may create a useless dependency on externally operated services, introduce a performance bottleneck, raise security concerns, and come with a non-trivial price tag.

The main goal of STUNner is to allow anyone to deploy their own WebRTC infrastructure into Kubernetes, without relying on any external service other than the cloud-provider's standard hosted Kubernetes offering. STUNner can act as a standalone STUN/TURN server that WebRTC clients and media servers can use as a scalable NAT traversal facility (headless model), or it can act as a gateway for ingesting WebRTC media traffic into the Kubernetes cluster by exposing a public-facing STUN/TURN server that WebRTC clients can connect to (media-plane model). This makes it possible to deploy WebRTC application servers and media servers into ordinary Kubernetes pods, taking advantage of the full cloud native feature set to manage, scale, monitor and troubleshoot the WebRTC infrastructure like any other Kubernetes workload.

Don't worry about the performance implications of processing all your media through a TURN server: STUNner is written in Go so it is extremely fast, it is co-located with your media server pool so you don't pay the round-trip time to a far-away public STUN/TURN server, and STUNner can be easily scaled up if needed just like any other "normal" Kubernetes service.

Kubernetes has been designed and optimized for the typical HTTP/TCP Web workload, which makes streaming workloads, and especially UDP/RTP based WebRTC media, feel like a foreign citizen. STUNner aims to change this state-of-the-art, by exposing a single public STUN/TURN server port for ingesting all media traffic into a Kubernetes cluster in a controlled and standards-compliant way.

• Seamless integration with Kubernetes. STUNner can be deployed into any Kubernetes cluster, even into restricted ones like GKE Autopilot, using a single command. Manage your HTTP/HTTPS application servers with your favorite service mesh, and STUNner takes care of all UDP/RTP media. STUNner implements the Kubernetes Gateway API so you configure it in exactly the same way as the rest of your workload through easy-to-use YAML manifests.

• Expose a WebRTC media server on a single external UDP port. Get rid of the Kubernetes hacks, like privileged pods and hostNetwork/hostPort services, typically recommended as a prerequisite to containerizing your WebRTC media plane. Using STUNner a WebRTC deployment needs only two public-facing ports, one HTTPS port for signaling and a single UDP port for all your media.

• No reliance on external services for NAT traversal. Can't afford a hosted TURN service for client-side NAT traversal? Can't get decent audio/video quality because the third-party TURN service poses a bottleneck? STUNner can be deployed into the same cluster as the rest of your WebRTC infrastructure, and any WebRTC client can connect to it directly without the use of any external STUN/TURN service whatsoever, apart from STUNner itself.

• Easily scale your WebRTC infrastructure. Tired of manually provisioning your WebRTC media servers? STUNner lets you deploy the entire WebRTC infrastructure into ordinary Kubernetes pods, thus scaling the media plane is as easy as issuing a kubectl scale command. Or you can use the built in Kubernetes horizontal autoscaler to automatically resize your workload based on demand.

• Secure perimeter defense. No need to open thousands of UDP/TCP ports on your media server for potentially malicious access; with STUNner all media is received through a single ingress port that you can tightly monitor and control.

• Simple code and extremely small size. Written in pure Go using the battle-tested pion/webrtc framework, STUNner is just a couple of hundred lines of fully open-source code. The server is extremely lightweight: the typical STUNner container image size is only 15 Mbytes.

The main uses of STUNner are running a scalable STUN service in Kubernetes to make it possible for clients to create peer-to-peer WebRTC media connections between themselves (the so called headless deployment model), or as a scalable TURN gateway service for load-balancing clients' media connections across a pool of WebRTC media servers hosted in Kubernetes pods (called the media-plane deployment model). While both use cases are fully supported, below we concentrate on the latter use case: deploying STUNner as a media gateway (see our blog post to learn how to deploy a STUN service with STUNner).

STUNner comes with a Helm chart to fire up a fully functional STUNner-based WebRTC media gateway in minutes. Note that the default installation does not contain an application server and a media server: STUNner is not a WebRTC service, it is merely an enabler for you to deploy your own WebRTC infrastructure into Kubernetes. Once installed, STUNner makes sure that your media servers are readily reachable to WebRTC clients, despite running with a private IP address inside a Kubernetes pod. See the tutorials for some ideas on how to deploy an actual WebRTC application behind STUNner.

With a minimal understanding of WebRTC and Kubernetes, deploying STUNner should take less than 5 minutes.

• Customize STUNner and deploy it into your Kubernetes cluster.
• Optionally deploy a WebRTC media server.
• Set STUNner as the ICE server in your WebRTC clients.
• ...
• Profit!!

The simplest way to deploy STUNner is through Helm. STUNner configuration parameters are available for customization as Helm Values.

helm repo add stunner https://l7mp.io/stunner
helm repo update
helm install stunner-gateway-operator stunner/stunner-gateway-operator --create-namespace \
    --namespace=stunner-system

Find out more about the charts in the STUNner-helm repository.

The standard way to interact with STUNner is via the standard Kubernetes Gateway API. This is much akin to the way you configure all Kubernetes workloads: specify your intents in YAML files and issue a kubectl apply, and the STUNner gateway operator will automatically create the STUNner dataplane (that is, the stunnerd pods that implement the STUN/TURN service) and downloads the new configuration to the dataplane pods.

It is generally a good idea to maintain STUNner configuration into a separate Kubernetes namespace. Below we will use the stunner namespace; create it with kubectl create namespace stunner if it does not exist.

1. Given a fresh STUNner install, the first step is to register STUNner with the Kubernetes Gateway API. This amounts to creating a GatewayClass, which serves as the root level configuration for your STUNner deployment.

   Each GatewayClass must specify a controller that will manage the Gateway objects created under the class hierarchy. This must be set to stunner.l7mp.io/gateway-operator in order for STUNner to pick up the GatewayClass. In addition, a GatewayClass can refer to further implementation-specific configuration via a reference called parametersRef; in our case, this will be a GatewayConfig object to be specified next.

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
   kind: GatewayClass
   metadata:
     name: stunner-gatewayclass
   spec:
     controllerName: "stunner.l7mp.io/gateway-operator"
     parametersRef:
       group: "stunner.l7mp.io"
       kind: GatewayConfig
       name: stunner-gatewayconfig
       namespace: stunner
     description: "STUNner is a WebRTC media gateway for Kubernetes"
   EOF

2. The next step is to set some general configuration for STUNner, most importantly the STUN/TURN authentication credentials. This requires loading a GatewayConfig custom resource into Kubernetes.

   Below example will set the authentication realm stunner.l7mp.io and refer STUNner to take the TURN authentication credentials from the Kubernetes Secret called stunner-auth-secret in the stunner namespace.

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: stunner.l7mp.io/v1
   kind: GatewayConfig
   metadata:
     name: stunner-gatewayconfig
     namespace: stunner
   spec:
     realm: stunner.l7mp.io
     authRef: 
       name: stunner-auth-secret
       namespace: stunner
   EOF

   Setting the Secret as below will set the static authentication mechanism for STUNner using the username/password pair user-1/pass-1.

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: v1
   kind: Secret
   metadata:
     name: stunner-auth-secret
     namespace: stunner
   type: Opaque
   stringData:
     type: static
     username: user-1
     password: pass-1
   EOF

   Note that these steps are required only once per STUNner installation.

3. At this point, we are ready to expose STUNner to clients! This occurs by loading a Gateway resource into Kubernetes.

   In the below example, we open a STUN/TURN listener service on the UDP port 3478. STUNner will automatically create the STUN/TURN server that will run the Gateway and expose it on a public IP address and port. Then clients can connect to this listener and, once authenticated, STUNner will forward client connections to an arbitrary service backend inside the cluster. Make sure to set the gatewayClassName to the name of the above GatewayClass; this is the way STUNner will know how to assign the Gateway with the settings from the GatewayConfig (e.g., the STUN/TURN credentials).

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
   kind: Gateway
   metadata:
     name: udp-gateway
     namespace: stunner
   spec:
     gatewayClassName: stunner-gatewayclass
     listeners:
       - name: udp-listener
         port: 3478
         protocol: TURN-UDP
   EOF

4. The final step is to tell STUNner what to do with the client connections received on the Gateway. This occurs by attaching a UDPRoute resource to the Gateway by setting the parentRef to the Gateway's name and specifying the target service in the backendRef.

   The below UDPRoute will configure STUNner to route client connections received on the Gateway called udp-gateway to the WebRTC media server pool identified by the Kubernetes service media-plane in the default namespace.

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: stunner.l7mp.io/v1
   kind: UDPRoute
   metadata:
     name: media-plane
     namespace: stunner
   spec:
     parentRefs:
       - name: udp-gateway
     rules:
       - backendRefs:
           - name: media-plane
             namespace: default
   EOF

Note that STUNner deviates somewhat from the way Kubernetes handles ports in Services. In Kubernetes each Service is associated with one or more protocol-port pairs and connections via the Service can be made to only these specific protocol-port pairs. WebRTC media servers, however, usually open lots of different ports, typically one per each client connection, and it would be cumbersome to create a separate backend Service and UDPRoute per each port. In order to simplify this, STUNner ignores the protocol and port specified in the backend service and allows connections to the backend pods via any protocol-port pair. STUNner can therefore use only a single backend Service to reach any port exposed on a WebRTC media server.

And that's all. You don't need to worry about client-side NAT traversal and WebRTC media routing because STUNner has you covered! Even better, every time you change a Gateway API resource in Kubernetes, say, you update the GatewayConfig to reset the STUN/TURN credentials or change the protocol or port in a Gateway, the STUNner gateway operator will automatically pick up your modifications and update the underlying dataplane. Kubernetes is beautiful, isn't it?

The current STUNner dataplane configuration is always made available via the convenient stunnerctl CLI utility. The below will dump the config of the UDP gateway in human readable format.

stunnerctl -n stunner config udp-gateway
Gateway: stunner/udp-gateway (loglevel: "all:INFO")
Authentication type: static, username/password: user-1/pass-1
Listeners:
  - Name: stunner/udp-gateway/udp-listener
    Protocol: TURN-UDP
    Public address:port: 34.118.88.91:3478
    Routes: [stunner/iperf-server]
    Endpoints: [10.76.1.4, 10.80.4.47]

As it turns out, STUNner has successfully assigned a public IP and port to our Gateway and set the STUN/TURN credentials based on the GatewayConfig.

We have successfully configured STUNner to route client connections to the media-plane service but at the moment there is no backend there that would respond. Below we use a simplistic UDP greeter service for testing: every time you send some input, the greeter service will respond with a heartwarming welcome message.

1. Fire up the UDP greeter service.

   The below manifest spawns the service in the default namespace and wraps it in a Kubernetes service called media-plane. Recall, this is the target service in our UDPRoute. Note that the type of the media-plane service is ClusterIP, which means that Kubernetes will not expose it to the outside world: the only way for clients to obtain a response is via STUNner.

   kubectl apply -f deploy/manifests/udp-greeter.yaml

2. We also need the ClusterIP assigned by Kubernetes to the media-plane service.

   export PEER_IP=$(kubectl get svc media-plane -o jsonpath='{.spec.clusterIP}')

3. We also need a STUN/TURN client to actually initiate a connection. STUNner comes with a handy STUN/TURN client called turncat for this purpose. Once installed, you can fire up turncat to listen on the standard input and send everything it receives to STUNner. Type any input and press Enter, and you should see a nice greeting from your cluster!

   ./turncat - k8s:https://stunner/udp-gateway:udp-listener udp:https://${PEER_IP}:9001
   Hello STUNner
   Greetings from STUNner!

Note that we haven't specified the public IP address and port: turncat is clever enough to parse the running STUNner configuration from Kubernetes directly. Just specify the special STUNner URI k8s:https://stunner/udp-gateway:udp-listener, identifying the namespace (stunner here) and the name for the Gateway (udp-gateway), and the listener to connect to (udp-listener), and turncat will do the heavy lifting.

Note that your actual WebRTC clients do not need to use turncat to reach the cluster: all modern Web browsers and WebRTC clients come with a STUN/TURN client built in. Here, turncat is used only to simulate what a real WebRTC client would do when trying to reach STUNner.

Any time you see fit, you can update the STUNner configuration through the Gateway API: STUNner will automatically reconcile the dataplane for the new configuration.

For instance, you may decide to open up your WebRTC infrastructure on TLS/TCP as well; say, because an enterprise NAT on the client network path has gone berserk and actively filters anything except TLS/443. The below steps will do just that: open another gateway on STUNner, this time on the TLS/TCP port 443, and reattach the UDPRoute to both Gateways so that no matter which protocol a client may choose the connection will be routed to the media-plane service (i.e., the UDP greeter) by STUNner.

1. Store your TLS certificate in a Kubernetes Secret. Below we create a self-signed certificate for testing, make sure to substitute this with a valid certificate.

   openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
   openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -days 365 -key ca.key -out ca.crt -subj "/CN=yourdomain.com"
   kubectl -n stunner create secret tls tls-secret --key ca.key --cert ca.crt

2. Add the new TLS Gateway. Notice how the tls-listener now contains a tls object that refers the above Secret, this way assigning the TLS certificate to use with our TURN-TLS listener.

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
   kind: Gateway
   metadata:
     name: tls-gateway
     namespace: stunner
   spec:
     gatewayClassName: stunner-gatewayclass
     listeners:
       - name: tls-listener
         port: 443
         protocol: TURN-TLS
         tls:
           mode: Terminate
           certificateRefs:
             - kind: Secret
               namespace: stunner
               name: tls-secret
   EOF

3. Update the UDPRoute to attach it to both Gateways.

   kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: stunner.l7mp.io/v1
   kind: UDPRoute
   metadata:
     name: media-plane
     namespace: stunner
   spec:
     parentRefs:
       - name: udp-gateway
       - name: tls-gateway
     rules:
       - backendRefs:
           - name: media-plane
             namespace: default
   EOF

4. Fire up turncat again, but this time let it connect through TLS. This is achieved by specifying the name of the TLS listener (tls-listener) in the STUNner URI. The -i command line argument (--insecure) is added to prevent turncat from rejecting our insecure self-signed TLS certificate; this will not be needed when using a real signed certificate.

   ./turncat -i -l all:INFO - k8s:https://stunner/tls-gateway:tls-listener udp:https://${PEER_IP}:9001
   [...] turncat INFO: Turncat client listening on -, TURN server: tls:https://10.96.55.200:443, peer: udp:https://10.104.175.57:9001
   [...]
   Hello STUNner
   Greetings from STUNner!

   We have set the turncat loglevel to INFO to learn that this time turncat has connected via the TURN server tls:https://10.96.55.200:443. And that's it: STUNner automatically routes the incoming TLS/TCP connection to the UDP greeter service, silently converting from TLS/TCP to UDP in the background and back again on return.

Real WebRTC clients will need a valid ICE server configuration to use STUNner as the TURN server. STUNner is compatible with all client-side TURN auto-discovery mechanisms. When no auto-discovery mechanism is available, clients will need to be manually configured to stream audio/video media over STUNner.

The below JavaScript snippet will direct a WebRTC client to use STUNner as the TURN server. Make sure to substitute the placeholders (like <STUNNER_PUBLIC_ADDR>) with the correct configuration from the running STUNner config; don't forget that stunnerctl is always there for you to help.

var ICE_config = {
  iceServers: [
    {
      url: 'turn:<STUNNER_PUBLIC_ADDR>:<STUNNER_PUBLIC_PORT>?transport=udp',
      username: <STUNNER_USERNAME>,
      credential: <STUNNER_PASSWORD>,
    },
  ],
};
var pc = new RTCPeerConnection(ICE_config);

Note that STUNner comes with a built-in authentication service that can be used to generate a complete ICE configuration for reaching STUNner through a standards compliant HTTP REST API.

The below series of tutorials demonstrates how to leverage STUNner to deploy different WebRTC applications into Kubernetes.

• Opening a UDP tunnel via STUNner: This introductory tutorial shows how to tunnel an external connection via STUNner to a UDP service deployed into Kubernetes. The demo can be used to quickly check and benchmark a STUNner installation.

• Direct one to one video call via STUNner: This tutorial showcases STUNner acting as a TURN server for two WebRTC clients to establish connections between themselves, without the mediation of a media server.

• One to one video call with Kurento: This tutorial shows how to use STUNner to connect WebRTC clients to a media server deployed into Kubernetes behind STUNner in the media-plane deployment model. All this happens without modifying the media server code in any way, just by adding 5-10 lines of straightforward JavaScript to configure clients to use STUNner as the TURN server.
• Magic mirror with Kurento: This tutorial has been adopted from the Kurento magic mirror demo, deploying a basic WebRTC loopback server behind STUNner with some media processing added. In particular, the application uses computer vision and augmented reality techniques to add a funny hat on top of faces.
• Video-conferencing with LiveKit: This tutorial helps you deploy the LiveKit WebRTC media server behind STUNner. The docs also show how to obtain a valid TLS certificate to secure your signaling connections, courtesy of the cert-manager project, nip.io and Let's Encrypt.
• Video-conferencing with Jitsi: This tutorial helps you deploy a fully fledged Jitsi video-conferencing service into Kubernetes behind STUNner. The docs also show how to obtain a valid TLS certificate to secure your signaling connections, using cert-manager, nip.io and Let's Encrypt.
• Video-conferencing with mediasoup: This tutorial helps you deploy the mediasoup WebRTC media server behind STUNner. The docs also show how to obtain a valid TLS certificate to secure your signaling connections, courtesy of the cert-manager project, nip.io and Let's Encrypt.
• Cloud-gaming with Cloudretro: This tutorial lets you play Super Mario or Street Fighter in your browser, courtesy of the amazing CloudRetro project and, of course, STUNner. The demo also presents a simple multi-cluster setup, where clients can reach the game-servers in their geographical locality to minimize latency.
• Remote desktop access with Neko: This demo showcases STUNner providing an ingress gateway service to a remote desktop application. We use neko.io to run a browser in a secure container inside the Kubernetes cluster, and stream the desktop to clients via STUNner.

The documentation of the stable release can be found here. The documentation for the latest development release can be found here.

STUNner is a work-in-progress. Some features are missing, others may not work as expected. The notable limitations at this point are as follows.

• STUNner targets only a partial implementation of the Kubernetes Gateway API. In particular, only GatewayClass, Gateway and UDPRoute resources are supported. This is intended: STUNner deliberately ignores some complexity in the Gateway API and deviates from the prescribed behavior in some cases, all in the name of simplifying the configuration process. The STUNner Kubernetes gateway operator docs contain a detailed list on the differences.
• STUNner lacks officially support for IPv6. Clients and peers reachable only on IPv6 may or may not be able connect to STUNner depending on the version you're using. Please file a bug if you absolutely need IPv6 support.

• v0.9: Demo release: STUNner basic UDP/TURN connectivity + helm chart + tutorials.
• v0.10: Dataplane: Long-term STUN/TURN credentials and STUN/TURN over TCP/TLS/DTLS in standalone mode.
• v0.11: Control plane: Kubernetes gateway operator and dataplane reconciliation.
• v0.12: Security: Expose TLS/DTLS settings via the Gateway API.
• v0.13: Observability: Prometheus + Grafana dashboard.
• v0.15: Performance: Per-allocation CPU load-balancing for UDP
• v0.16: Management: Managed STUNner dataplane.
• v0.17: First release candidate: All Gateway and STUNner APIs move to v1.
• v0.18: Stabilization: Second release candidate.
• v0.19: The missing pieces: Third release candidate.
• v1.0: GA

STUNner development is coordinated in Discord, feel free to join.

Copyright 2021-2023 by its authors. Some rights reserved. See AUTHORS.

MIT License - see LICENSE for full text.

Initial code adopted from pion/stun and pion/turn.