A macro for stating unsafe assumptions in Rust.
Using this macro, one can supply assumptions to the compiler for use in optimization. These assumptions are checked in debug_assertion configurations, and are unchecked (but still present) otherwise.
This is an inherently unsafe operation. It lives in the space between regular assert! and pure unsafe accesses - it relies heavily on an optimizing compiler's ability to track unreachable paths to eliminate unnecessary asserts.
[dependencies]
assume = "0.5"use assume::assume;
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
// Some computed index that, per invariants, is always in bounds.
let i = get_index();
assume!(
unsafe: i < v.len(),
"index {} is beyond vec length {}",
i,
v.len(),
);
let element = v[i]; // Bounds check optimized out per assumption.use assume::assume;
let items: HashMap<u32, String> = populate_items();
// Some item that, per invariants, always exists.
let item_zero_opt: Option<&String> = items.get(&0);
assume!(
unsafe: item_zero_opt.is_some(),
"item zero missing from items map",
);
let item_zero = item_zero_opt.unwrap(); // Panic check optimized out per assumption.use assume::assume;
enum Choices {
This,
That,
Other,
}
// Some choice that, per invariants, is never Other.
let choice = get_choice();
match choice {
Choices::This => { /* ... */ },
Choices::That => { /* ... */ },
Choices::Other => {
// This case optimized out entirely, no panic emitted.
assume!(
unsafe: @unreachable,
"choice was other",
);
},
}use assume::assume;
#[inline(always)]
fn compute_value() -> usize {
let result = compute_value_internal();
// Can also be used to provide hints to the caller,
// after the optimizer inlines this assumption.
assume!(
unsafe: result < 12,
"result is invalid: {}",
result,
);
result
}
fn compute_value_internal() -> usize {
/* ... */
}
fn process_data(data: &[f64; 100]) {
// Bounds check elided per implementation's assumption.
let value = data[compute_value()];
}Programs often have invariants that cannot be expressed in the type system. Rust is safe by default, and in such cases asserts are made at runtime to verify these invariants. A common example of this is bounds checking for slices.
Consider the following (somewhat convoluted) example:
pub struct ValuesWithEvens {
values: Vec<u32>, // Some integers.
evens: Vec<usize>, // Indices of even integers in `values`.
}
impl ValuesWithEvens {
pub fn new(values: Vec<u32>) -> Self {
let evens = values
.iter()
.enumerate()
.filter_map(
|(index, value)| {
if value % 2 == 0 {
Some(index)
} else {
None
}
}
)
.collect();
Self { values, evens }
}
pub fn pop_even(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
let index = self.evens.pop()?;
// We know this index is valid by construction,
// but a bounds check is performed anyway.
let value = self.values[index];
Some(value)
}
}
fn main() {
let mut vwe = ValuesWithEvens::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
println!("{:?}", vwe.pop_even());
}By construction, indices contained within evens are always valid indices into values. However, this cannot be expressed in the type system and there is a bounds check on the line:
let value = self.values[index];This ensures a bug in the program does not result in an out of bounds access. For example, if another method were introduced that modified values but forgot to update evens, it could invalidate the indices - this would not result in undefined behavior thanks to bounds checking.
However, if this is a hot-spot in the program we may need to remove this check. Rust offers unsafe access:
pub fn pop_even(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
let index = self.evens.pop()?;
let value = unsafe { *self.values.get_unchecked(index) };
Some(value)
}This has no bounds check, but we've removed any scrutiny around the access. We can improve this with a debug-only assertion:
pub fn pop_even(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
let index = self.evens.pop()?;
debug_assert!(index < self.evens.len());
let value = unsafe { *self.values.get_unchecked(index) };
Some(value)
}Can you spot the bug? We've asserted against the wrong vector! This should be:
debug_assert!(index < self.values.len());
// ^^^^^^The decoupling of assertion to optimization is error-prone.
The assume! macro relies on the optimizer's ability to leverage stated assumptions. An incorrect assumption leaves the bounds check alone, but a correct assumption removes it:
pub fn pop_even(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
let index = self.evens.pop()?;
assume!(
unsafe: index < self.values.len(),
"even index {} beyond values vec length {}",
index,
self.values.len(),
);
let value = self.values[index];
Some(value)
}The optimizer considers the bounds check dead code per the assumption, so it is removed. Furthermore, this will assert our condition holds in debug_assertion configurations such as in tests.
Assumptions can also be provided to the caller's context by the implementation:
#[inline(always)]
pub fn pop_even(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
let value = self.pop_even_internal()?;
assume!(
unsafe: value % 2 == 0,
"popped value {} is not even",
value,
);
value
}
fn pop_even_internal(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
/* ... */
}The caller now receives optimizations "for free". For example:
fn compute_something(vwe: &mut ValuesWithEvens) -> Option<f64> {
let value = vwe.pop_even()?;
perform_common_task(value)
}
fn perform_common_task(value: u32) -> Option<f64> {
if value % 2 == 0 {
/* ... */
} else {
// This branch is now considered dead code when the
// function is called from the `compute_something` path.
}
}Do not use this macro.
Rely on assert! to check program invariants.
Rely on unreachable! to state that some code path should never be taken.
Okay - once you:
- Have profiling results indicating some invariant check is causing overhead.
- Have no way of re-arranging the program to express this without overhead.
- Are about to reach for an
unsafeget operation.
Then you should consider assume! instead.
This is not a beginner-friendly macro; you must verify the desired optimizations are taking place. You should also have a suite of tests that build with debug_assertion enabled in order to catch violations of the invariant.
-
Unlike
debug_assert!et. al., the condition of anassume!is always present - it's the panic that is removed. Complicated assumptions involving function calls and side effects are unlikely to be helpful; the condition ought to be trivial and involve only immediately available facts. -
As stated, this relies on the optimizer to propagate the assumption. Differences in optimization level or mood of the compiler may cause it to fail to elide assertions in the final output. If you simply must have no checking and do not want to rely on optimizations, then a
debug_assert!+unsafeaccess is the way to go. -
Avoid using
assume!(unsafe: false)to indicate unreachable code. Although this works, the return type is()and not!. This can result in warnings or errors if e.g. other branches evaluate to a type other than(). Useassume!(unsafe: @unreachable)instead.
The underlying mechanism for the macro is std::hint::unreachable_unchecked.
Licensed under either of
- Apache License, Version 2.0 (LICENSE-APACHE or https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
- MIT license (LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
at your option.
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.