perf: optimize append_any function

[vtjnash]

Reimplement a larger portion of the optimizations in jl_f__apply
in the fallback function, so we can reduce the performance wall in more cases.

General fix for #29133-like performance issues (vs. #29587, which improves this specific case at the cost of worse performance in general)

before
julia> @btime perf_setindex!($(fill!(A, y)), $y, $i)
  1.746 μs (8 allocations: 336 bytes)

after
julia> @btime perf_setindex!($(fill!(A, y)), $y, $i)
  389.547 ns (5 allocations: 256 bytes)

(approx. 4.5x speedup, vs. the 2x slowdown currently on master)

[KristofferC]

@nanosoldier runbenchmarks(ALL, vs = ":master")

[nanosoldier]

Your benchmark job has completed - possible performance regressions were detected. A full report can be found here. cc @ararslan

[KristofferC]

Mac failure is Github connection error in Pkg test. Good to go?