Traditional frame interpolation techniques were mainly trained on the motions and colors of pixels. As such, they work better for frames with relatively little difference in between. When the difference is too significant, the estimations become unreliable, and the algorithms essentially start guessing, resulting in ghosting artifacts that people usually associate with frame interpolation.

Stable Diffusion, on the other hand, is a generative model capable of creating more coherent pixels instead of artifacts. By combining the newly introduced reference_only module from ControlNet, which influences the generated result with provided references as the name implies, and the img2img feature from Stable Diffusion, you can refine the interpolated frame and generate a more cohesive result.

The following base interpolated frames were generated using Flowframes with the RIFE model

Previous Frame	RIFE	F.I.R.S.T	Next Frame

Above contents were used solely for research purposes

A simple Python GUI that streamlines this process

• Automatic1111 Webui
• sd-webui-controlnet Extension
• (Highly Recommended) FFmpeg

0. In the settings of Automatic1111, set Multi ControlNet: Max models amount to 2 or above

   • Recommended to set Model cache size to 2 as well

1. Launch Automatic1111 with api enabled

   • Open the webui-user.bat and add --api after COMMANDLINE_ARGS=
   • Set your checkpoint accordingly (Realistic / Anime)

2. (Optionally) Edit parameters.py to change the Stable Diffusion settings, such as steps or sampler

3. Launch main.py to open the GUI

   • On Windows, you can just use launch.bat

4. Enter the path containing the frames

   • The path should contain both the original and the interpolated frames in sequence (Default behavior of Flowframes when you set the export to Image Sequence)
   • Only supports 2x interpolations, meaning the odd files should be original frames while even files should be interpolated frames

5. Enter the path to store the outputs

   • Recommended to set a different path from Source

6. Enter the port

   • The default is 7860

7. Press Run

8. Check the console for progress

9. Use FFmpeg to merge the frames into video