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The Opioid Environment Policy Scan provides access to data at multiple spatial scales to help characterize the multi-dimensional risk environment impacting opioid use in justice populations across the United States.

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Opioid Environment Policy Scan (OEPS) Data Warehouse

Public Site - OEPS Explorer

Visualize, download, and explore OEPS data on the OEPS Explorer.

About

The Opioid Environment Policy Scan (OEPS) is a free, open-source data warehouse to help characterize the multi-dimensional risk environment impacting opioid use and health outcomes across the United States.

The OEPS provides access to data at multiple spatial scales, from U.S. states down to Census tracts. It is designed to support research seeking to study environments impacting and impacted by opioid use and opioid use disorder (OUD), inform public policy, and reduce harm in communities nationwide.

We developed the OEPS as a free, open-source platform to aggregate and share publicly-available data at the Census tract, zip code, county, and state levels. Geographic boundary shapefiles are provided for ease of merging datasets (csv files) for exploration, spatial analysis, or visualization. Download the entire data repository, or you can filter and download by theme or spatial scale with the OEPS Explorer. All datasets are accompanied by documentation, detailing their source data, year, and more. Learn more about our methods and approaches, including the risk environment framework, on our Methodology page.

The OEPS is led by the Healthy Regions and Policies Lab at the Center for Spatial Data Science, University of Chicago. It was developed for the NIH's JCOIN Methdology and Advanced Analaytic Resource Center (MAARC). See Team and Acknolwedgements below for more.

Citation

Susan Paykin, Dylan Halpern, Qinyun Lin, Moksha Menghaney, Angela Li, Rachel Vigil, Margot Bolanos Gamez, Alexa Jin, Ally Muszynski, and Marynia Kolak. (2021). GeoDaCenter/opioid-policy-scan: Opioid Environment Policy Scan Data Warehouse (v1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5842465

Wiki

We welcome open source contributions and feedback, including suggesting or contributing relevant data, application development, or sharing applied research. To learn more, visit the OEPS Wiki.

Data Overview

Variable constructs are grouped thematically below to highlight the multi-dimensional risk environment of opioid use in justice populations. In the Metadata column, linked pages provide more detail about the data source, descriptions of data cleaning or processing, and individual variables included.

Geographic Boundaries

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Geographic Boundaries State, County, Census Tract, Zip Code Tract Area (ZCTA) US Census TIGER/Line, 2018 Geographic Boundaries State, County, Tract, Zip
Crosswalk files County, Census Tract, Zip Code Tract Area (ZCTA) HUD Office of Policy Development and Research Crosswalk Files County, Tract, Zip

Policy Variables

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Prison Incarceration Rates Prison population rate and prison admission rate by gender and ethnicity Vera Institute of Justice, 2016 PS01 / Prison Variables County
Jail Incarceration Rates Jail population rate by gender and ethnicity Vera Institute of Justice, 2017 PS02 / Jail Variables County
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP) Any PDMP; Operational PDMP; Must-access PDMP; Electronic PDMP OPTIC, 2017 PS03 / PDMP State
Good Samaritan Laws Any Good Samaritan Law; Good Samaritan Law v1.0 arrest OPTIC, 2017 PS04 / GSL State
Naloxone Access Laws Any Naloxone law; law allowing distribution through a standing or protocal order; law allowing pharmacists prescriptive authority OPTIC, 2017 PS05 / NAL State
Medicaid Expenditure Total Medicaid spending KFF, 2019 PS06 / MedExp State
Medicaid Expansion Spending for adults who have enrolled through Medicaid expansion KFF, 2018 PS07 / MedExpan State
Syringe Services Laws Laws clarifying legal status for syringe exchange, distribution, and possession programs LawAtlas, 2019 PS08 / Syringe State
Medical Marijuana Laws Law authorizing adults to use medical marijuana PDAPS, 2017 PS09 / MedMarijLaw State
State & Local Government Expenditures Government spending on public health, welfare, public safety, and corrections US Census, 2018 PS11 / Government Expenditures State, Local

Health Variables

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Drug-Related Death Rates Death rate from drug-related causes CDC WONDER, 2019 10-year Health01 / Drug-Related Death Rate State, County
Hepatitis C Rates HepC prevalence, mortality HepVu, 2017 Health02 / Hepatitis C State, County
Physicians Number of Primary Care and Specialist Physicians Dartmouth Atlas, 2010 Health03 / Physicians Tract, County, State
Opioid Prescription Rates Opioid prescription rate HepVu, CDC 2018-2019 Health04 / Opioid Indicators State, County
Opioid Mortality Rates Rates of death from narcotic drug overdoses HepVu, NVSS, 2014-2019 Health04 / Opioid Indicators State, County
Access to MOUDs Travel time (drive, walk, bike) and distance to nearest MOUD SAMHSA 2019, Vivitrol 2020 Access01 / Access: MOUDs Tract, Zip, County, State
Access to FQHCs Travel time (drive) and distance to nearest Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) US COVID Atlas, HRSA, 2020 Access02 / Access: FQHCs Tract, Zip, County, State
Access to Hospitals Travel time (drive) and distance to nearest hospital CovidCareMap, 2020 Access03 / Access: Hospitals Tract, Zip, County, State
Access to Pharmacies Travel time (drive) and distance to nearest pharmacy InfoGroup, 2018 Access04 / Access: Pharmacies Tract, Zip, County, State
Access to Mental Health Providers Travel time (drive) and distance to nearest mental health provider SAMSHA, 2020 Access05 / Access: Mental Health Providers Tract, Zip, County, State
Access to Substance Use Treatment (SUT) Services Travel time (drive) and distance to nearest substance use treatment (SUT) service SAMHSA, 2021 Access06 / Access: Substance Use Treatment Tract, Zip, County, State
Access to Opioid Treatment Programs (OTP) Travel time (drive) and distance to nearest Opioid Treatment Program (OTP) SAMHSA, 2021 Access 07 / Access: Opioid Treatment Programs Tract, Zip

Demographic Variables

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Race & Ethnicity Percentages of population defined by categories of race and ethnicity ACS, 2018 5-year DS01/ Race & Ethnicity Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Age Age group estimates and percentages of population ACS, 2018 5-year DS01 / Age Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Population with a Disability Percentage of population with a disability ACS, 2018 5-year DS01 / Other Demographic Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Educational Attainment Population without a high school degree ACS, 2018 5-year DS01 / Other Demographic Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) SDOH Neighborhood Typologies Kolak et al, 2020 DS02 / SDOH Typology Tract
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) SVI Rankings CDC, 2018 DS03 / SVI County, Tract, Zip
Veteran Population Population as defined by veteran status ACS, 2018 5-year DS04 / Veteran Population Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Household Type Household Types and Group Quarters Populations ACS, 2018 5-year DS05 / Household Type Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Homeless Population Homelessness Census Variables HUD, 2018 DS06 / Homeless Population Variables State, County, Tract, Zip

Economic Variables

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Employment Trends Percentages of population employed across industries ACS, 2018 5-year EC01/ Jobs by Industry State, County, Tract, Zip
Essential Worker Jobs See COVID-19 Variables EC02 / Jobs by Occupation
Unemployment Rate Unemployment rate ACS, 2018 5-year EC03/ Economic Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Poverty Rate Percent classified as below poverty level, based on income ACS, 2018 5-year EC03/ Economic Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Per Capita Income Per capita income in the past 12 months ACS, 2018 5-year EC03/ Economic Variables State, County, Tract, Zip
Foreclosure Rate Mortgage foreclosure and severe delinquency rate HUD, 2009 EC04 / Foreclosure Rate State, County, Tract
Internet Access Percentage of Households without Internet access ACS, 2019 5-year EC05/ Economic Variables State, County, Tract, Zip

Physical Environment Variables

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Housing Occupancy Rate Percent occupied units ACS, 2018 5-year BE01 / Housing State, County, Tract, Zip
Housing Vacancy Rate Percent vacant units ACS, 2018 5-year BE01 / Housing State, County, Tract, Zip
Long Term Occupancy Percentage of population living in current housing for 20+ years ACS, 2018 5-year BE01 / Housing State, County, Tract, Zip
Mobile Homes Percent of housing units classified as mobile homes ACS, 2018 5-year BE01 / Housing State, County, Tract, Zip
Rental Rates Percent of housing units occupied by renters ACS, 2018 5-year BE01 / Housing State, County, Tract, Zip
Housing Unit Density Housing units per square mile ACS, 2018 5-year BE01 / Housing State, County, Tract, Zip
Urban/Suburban/Rural Classification County classification USDA-ERS BE02 / Rural-Urban Classifications County
Urban/Suburban/Rural Classification Zip code and Census tract classification USDA-ERS BE02 / Rural-Urban Classifications Tract, Zip
Alcohol Outlet Density Alcohol outlets per square mile, alcohol outlets per capita InfoGroup, 2018 BE03 / Alcohol Outlets State, County, Tract, Zip
Hypersegregated Cities US metropolitan areas where black residents experience hypersegregation Massey et al, 2015 BE04 / Community Overlays County
Southern Black Belt US counties where 30% of the population identified as Black or African American US Census, 2000 BE04 / Community Overlays County
Native American Reservations Percent area of total land in Native American Reservations US Census TIGER/Line, 2018 BE04 / Community Overlays County
Residential Segregation Indices Three index measures of segregation: dissimilarity, interaction, isolation ACS, 2018 5-year BE05 / Residential Segregation County, State, Zip
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) average value Sentinel-2 MSI, 2018 BE06 / NDVI State, County, Tract, Zip
Parks Coverage Percent of land area covered by parks and green space OSM, 2022 BE07 / Parks State, County

COVID-19 Variables

Variable Construct Variable Proxy Source Metadata Spatial Scale
Essential Worker Jobs Percentage of population employed in Essential Jobs as defined during the COVID-19 pandemic ACS, 2018 5-year EC02 / Jobs by Occupation State, County, Tract, Zip
Cumulative Case Count Daily cumulative raw case count (01/21/20 - 03/03/2021) The New York Times, 2021 COVID01 / COVID Variables State, County
Adjusted Case Count per 100K Daily cumulative adjusted case count per 100K population (01/21/20 - 03/03/2021) The New York Times, 2021 COVID02 / COVID Variables State, County
7-day Average Case Count 7-day average case count (01/21/20 - 03/03/2021) The New York Times, 2021 COVID03 / COVID Variables State, County
Historical 7-day Average Adjusted Case Count per 100K 7-day average adjusted case count per 100K population (01/21/20 - 03/03/2021) The New York Times, 2021 COVID04 / COVID Variables State, County

Full Documentation

Please refer to the complete Data Documentation for more information about individual datasets, variables, and data methods. Contact Susan Paykin with any questions.

Team

The OEPS is led by the Healthy Regions & Policies Lab team including Susan Paykin, Qinyun Lin, Dylan Halpern, and Marynia Kolak, along with Moksha Menghaney and Angela Li.

Acknowledgements

The OEPS was developed for the Methodology and Advanced Analytics Resource Center (MAARC), part of the NIH-HEAL Initiative Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN). The Healthy Regions & Policies Lab leads spatial analytics for the MAARC, which provides data infrastructure and statistical and analytic expertise to support individual JCOIN studies and cross-site data synchronization.

This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, through the NIH HEAL Initiative under award number UG3DA123456. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH, the Initiative, or the participating sites.

About

The Opioid Environment Policy Scan provides access to data at multiple spatial scales to help characterize the multi-dimensional risk environment impacting opioid use in justice populations across the United States.

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