jwr

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːwaɾ/ → /ˈjaːjaʔ/ → /ˈʔaːʔə/ → /ˈʔoːʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːwaɾ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːjaʔ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔaːʔə/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔoːʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /iuːr/
  • Conventional anglicization: iur

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to conceive (a child), to become pregnant with
2. (intransitive) to be conceived (+ n: by (a father))
3. (intransitive) to be(come) pregnant (+ m: with (a child))
4. (intransitive with n, figuratively, of land) to be made fertile by the flooding of (the Nile)
5. (intransitive with m, figuratively, of land) to be(come) full of, to abound with (grain)

Inflection

Conjugation of jwr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jwr, geminated stem: jwrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jwr	jwrw, jwr	jwrt	jwr	jwr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jwr	ḥr jwr	m jwr	r jwr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jwr.n	jwrw, jwr	consecutive	jwr.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jwrt
perfective3	jwr	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jwr.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jwr	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jwr	jwrr	potentialis1	jwr.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jwr	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jwr.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jwr	active + .tj1, .tw2	jwr	jwr, jwrw5, jwry5
imperfective	jwr, jwry, jwrw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jwr, jwrj6, jwry6	jwr, jwrw5
prospective	jwr, jwrtj7	—	jwrtj4, jwrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jwr  

jwr	jwj	jj	jwr	jwr	jwr	jwr	jwr
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Middle and New Kingdoms]	[Medical papyri]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

Descendants

• Demotic: jwr
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲩ (ouou), ⲟⲩ (ou), (stative) ⲉⲉⲧ (eet)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱ (ō), (stative) ⲏⲏⲧ (ēēt)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱ (ō), (stative) ⲉⲉⲧ (eet)
  • Old Coptic: ⲱ (ō), ⲟⲩ (ou)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲱ (ōō), ⲱ (ō), (stative) ⲉⲉⲧ (eet), (stative) ⲉⲧ (et)

References

• “jwr (lemma ID 22930)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 56.1–56.7
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 13
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 36, 240.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 243