flora

See also: Flora, flóra, flóra-, and Flóra

English

Etymology

From Latin Flōra (goddess of flowers).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈflɔː.ɹə/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔːɹə

Noun

flora (countable and uncountable, plural floras or florae or floræ)

1. Plants considered as a group, especially those of a particular country, region, time, etc.
   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page viii:

     Thirdly, I continue to attempt to interdigitate the taxa in our flora with taxa of the remainder of the world.

2. A book describing the plants of a country, region, time, etc.
   • 1999, J. G. Baker, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles:

     He intended to publish a flora of the island, and drafted out a synonymic catalogue, into which he inserted from time to time elaborate descriptions drawn up from living specimens of the species which he was able to procure.

   • 2000, Daniel R. Headrick, When Information Came of Age, page 26:

     Nowhere was the victory of Linnaeanism more complete than in Britain. When William Hudson's Flora Anglica, organized in the Linnaean manner, appeared in 1762, it displaced all previous floras.

3. The microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body.

   gut flora, intestinal flora

   • 1920, Robert L. Tweed, A Study of the Effect of Milk Upon the Bacterial Flora of the Intestinal Tract:
   • 1947, Adelaide Evangeline Evenson, The Intestinal Flora of Laboratory Animals and Its Modification by Diet and Drugs:
   • 1977, Betty H. K. Dee, The Aerobic Bacterial Flora of the Intestinal Tract of Marine Fishes:
   • 1977, United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, page 191:

     The host effects upon the flora of both the small intestine and the large intestine must be examined.

   • 2003 December 11, Moselio Schaechter, Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 520:

     Approximately 3% of healthy adults harbor C. difficile in the intestinal tract. […] In contrast, the flora of the cecum is predominantly gram negative, with Bacteroides and Selenomonas being the major constituents.

   • 2013 March 31, Chetana Vaishnavi, Infections of the Gastrointestinal System, JP Medical Ltd, →ISBN, page 5:

     […] Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides and Spirochetes that characterize the flora of the large intestine.

Synonyms

• (microorganisms): microflora

Hypernyms

• biota

Coordinate terms

• fauna
• funga

Derived terms

• bacterial flora
• dendroflora
• disaster flora
• ethnoflora
• Flora Day
• lamp flora

 

Translations

plants considered as a group

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 植物群 (zh) (zhíwùqún)

• Czech: květena f, flóra (cs) f
• Esperanto: plantaro, flaŭro
• Finnish: kasvisto (fi)
• French: flore (fr) f
• Galician: flora (gl) f
• Georgian: ფლორა (plora)
• German: Flora (de) f, Pflanzenreich (de) n, Pflanzenwelt (de) f
• Greek: χλωρίδα (el) f (chlorída)
• Hungarian: flóra (hu)
• Icelandic: flóra f, gróðurríki n
• Italian: flora (it) f
• Japanese: 植物相 (しょくぶつそう, shokubutsusō)
• Lithuanian: augalija f
• Maori: ngāi tipu
• Persian: پوشش گیاهی, گیاگان (fa) (giyâgân)
• Polish: flora (pl) f
• Portuguese: flora (pt) f
• Romanian: floră (ro) f
• Russian: фло́ра (ru) f (flóra)
• Spanish: flora (es) f
• Swedish: flora (sv) c
• Tagalog: talahalmanan
• Volapük: planem

a book describing the plants of a country etc.

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 植物志 (zhíwùzhì)

• Finnish: kasvio (fi)
• French: flore (fr) f
• Galician: flora (gl) f
• Hungarian: flóra (hu)
• Icelandic: flóra f
• Japanese: 植物誌 (しょくぶつし, shokubutsushi)
• Russian: фло́ра (ru) f (flóra)
• Swedish: flora (sv) c

the microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body

• Estonian: floora
• Finnish: floora (fi), mikrofloora, mikrobisto
• French: flore intestinale (fr) f
• Galician: flora (gl) f
• German: Flora (de) f
• Hungarian: flóra (hu)
• Icelandic: flóra f
• Italian: flora (it) f
• Persian: فلور طبیعی
• Romanian: floră (ro) f, floră microbială f, floră bacterială, floră intestinală f
• Russian: фло́ра (ru) f (flóra)
• Swedish: flora (sv) c

Anagrams

• FoLAR, folar

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin Flōra (goddess of flowers), from flōs (“blossom”). First attested in the 20th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈflɔ.ɾə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈflɔ.ɾa]

Noun

flora f (uncountable)

1. flora

Coordinate terms

• fauna

Derived terms

• florístic

Related terms

• flor

Further reading

• “flora” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

From Latin Flōra (Roman goddess of flowers).

Noun

flora

1. flora

   Synonym: (more common) nebatat

Declension

Declension of flora

	singular	plural
nominative	flora	floralar
genitive	floranıñ	floralarnıñ
dative	florağa	floralarğa
accusative	floranı	floralarnı
locative	florada	floralarda
ablative	floradan	floralardan

References

• Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎^[1], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN
• “flora”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin flōra, from Flōra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfloː.raː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: flo‧ra
• Rhymes: -oːraː

Noun

flora f (plural flora's)

1. flora (plant life, in particular the plant living or endemic in a certain area)

   Synonym: plantenwereld

2. flora (plant book)

   Synonyms: floragids, plantenboek

Derived terms

• darmflora
• duinflora
• floradistrict
• floragids
• stadsflora
• veldflora

 

Related terms

• Fleur
• fleurig
• florisant

 

Descendants

• Afrikaans: flora

Esperanto

Etymology

From floro +‎ -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈflora]
• Rhymes: -ora
• Hyphenation: flo‧ra

Adjective

flora (accusative singular floran, plural floraj, accusative plural florajn)

1. (botany) floral

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch flora, from Latin Flōra (goddess of flowers), flōs (“blossom”), from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-s (“flower, blossom”), from *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈflora]
• Hyphenation: flo‧ra

Noun

flora (first-person possessive floraku, second-person possessive floramu, third-person possessive floranya)

1. flora:
   1. (botany) plants considered as a group, especially those of a particular country, region, time, etc.
   2. (botany) a book describing the plants of a country, region, time, etc.
   3. (microbiology) the microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body.

Further reading

• “flora” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈflɔ.ra/
• Rhymes: -ɔra
• Hyphenation: flò‧ra

Noun

flora f (plural flore)

1. flora

Derived terms

• flora batterica

Anagrams

• farlo

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin Flora, goddess of flowers.

Noun

flora m (definite singular floraen, indefinite plural floraer, definite plural floraene)

1. (botany) flora

References

• “flora” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “flora” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin Flora, goddess of flowers.

Noun

flora m (definite singular floraen, indefinite plural floraer or floraar, definite plural floraene or floraane)

1. (botany) flora

References

• “flora” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfloː.rɑ/

Noun

flōra

1. inflection of flōr:
   1. nominative/accusative plural
   2. genitive singular/plural
   3. dative singular

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin Flōra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈflɔ.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔra
• Syllabification: flo‧ra
• Homophone: Flora

Noun

flora f

1. flora (plants considered as a group)

   Synonyms: roślinność, szata roślinna

   Antonym: fauna

Declension

Declension of flora

	singular
nominative	flora
genitive	flory
dative	florze
accusative	florę
instrumental	florą
locative	florze
vocative	floro

Derived terms

nouns

• flora bakteryjna

 

Further reading

• flora in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• flora in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• flora in PWN's encyclopedia

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin Flōra (goddess of flowers).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈflɔ.ɾɐ/

• Homophone: Flora
• Hyphenation: flo‧ra

Noun

flora f (plural floras)

1. flora (plants of a region considered as a group)
2. flora (yhe microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body)

   Flora intestinal. ― Gut flora.

Related terms

• flor
• florescer
• florir

 

Further reading

• “flora”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /flôːra/
• Hyphenation: flo‧ra

Noun

flȏra f (Cyrillic spelling фло̑ра)

1. flora

Declension

Declension of flora

	singular	plural
nominative	flora	flore
genitive	flore	flora
dative	flori	florama
accusative	floru	flore
vocative	floro	flore
locative	flori	florama
instrumental	florom	florama

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfloɾa/ [ˈflo.ɾa]
• Rhymes: -oɾa
• Syllabification: flo‧ra

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin Flōra (“Flora (goddess of flowers)”).

Noun

flora f (plural floras)

1. flora

Etymology 2

Verb

flora

1. inflection of florar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “flora”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28

Swedish

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /fluːra/

Noun

flora c

1. flora (vegetation, book)

   Antonym: fauna

Declension

Declension of flora

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	flora	floras
	definite	floran	florans
plural	indefinite	floror	florors
	definite	flororna	florornas