弗
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See also: 𢎵
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Translingual
[edit]| Stroke order (Sans-serif) | |||
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Han character
[edit]弗 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中中弓 (LLN), four-corner 55027, composition ⿻⿰丿丨弓)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9708
- Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 990, character 9
- Unihan data for U+5F17
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 弗 | |
|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions |
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Pictogram (象形) – an arrow (depicted in some versions in the oracle bones and then disappeared), tied to a thread, then tied to two wooden poles (originally depicted as 林).
Later borrowed phonetically to mean “no”. The derivative 拂 (OC *pʰɯd) stands for the original word.
Etymology 1
[edit]- not (verb) him/her/it
- Fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007). The glyph conflated with 不 (MC pjuw|pjuwX|pjut) by the Han times, due to naming taboo. Its colloquial reading survives in the latter. See etymology of 不 for more.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): fat1
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): fud5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 7feq; 8veq / 7feq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fú
- Wade–Giles: fu2
- Yale: fú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fwu
- Palladius: фу (fu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fat1
- Yale: fāt
- Cantonese Pinyin: fat7
- Guangdong Romanization: fed1
- Sinological IPA (key): /fɐt̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: pjut
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*p[u]t/, /*put/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pɯd/
Definitions
[edit]弗
- (Classical) not correctly; not quite; not exactly
- (Classical) not
- 一簞食，一豆羹，得之則生，弗得則死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Yī dān sì, yī dòu gēng, dé zhī zé shēng, fú dé zé sǐ. [Pinyin]
- Here are a small basket of rice and a platter of soup; getting them will enable survival, while not getting them will result in death.
一箪食，一豆羹，得之则生，弗得则死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Used in 弗弗.
- Alternative form of 祓 (fú)
- † to straighten; to correct
- Used in transcription.
Usage notes
[edit]- Duan Yucai’s Commentary: "弗 is explained as 'correct.' Today, 矫 and 弗 are both written as 拂, and 弗 is mistakenly used to mean 'not.' This misunderstanding has persisted for a long time. The Gongyang Commentary states, '弗 signifies a profound form of not,' which retains the meaning of correction. In classical texts, 不 represents straightforward negation, while 弗 conveys indirect negation. 弗 and 不 are not interchangeable." So basically 弗 is “not exactly” or “not correctly” like an almost not.
- In modern Standard Chinese, this character is almost entirely used for phonetic translations. The character mainly represents the phoneme /f/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.
- The characters 不 (bù) and 否 (fǒu) are far more commonly used to mean “no”.
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
弗 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 勿 伐 不 | |
According to Pan (2002), a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').
In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts.
See also 勿 (veq).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 7veq
- MiniDict: veh入
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 4veq
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vəʔ⁵⁵/
- (Northern: Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan, Shaoxing)
- Wugniu: 7feq
- MiniDict: feh入
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /fəʔ⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /fəʔ⁴³/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Haining): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Haiyan): /fəʔ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /feʔ⁴⁵/
- (Northern: Songjiang)
- (Northern: Chongming)
- (Northern: Ningbo)
- (Jinhua)
Note:
- 8veq - tonal innovation specific to urban Shanghainese, demonstrates same left-prominent tone sandhi pattern as tone 6 in chains of more than 3 character;
- 7veq - the character sandhis as tone 7 in urban Shanghainese and most Suburban Shanghainese varieties, sometimes also realised as [βəʔ~ʋəʔ] depending on absence or presence of the /u/-/β/ merger often recognized as a shared innovation across suburban Shanghainese varieties.
Definitions
[edit]弗
Synonyms
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]- 勿, 弗 and 伐 are all characters that have been popular in representing the checked and labiodentalized series of negators, generally pronounced as /fəʔ/, /vəʔ/ or both depending on the exact variety. In historical literature, the exact choice of character varied between the topolects and the preferences of individual writers.
- In some contemporary proposals aiming to standardize cross-topolectal writing in Wu, it is preferred that the voiced variants of the negator be written with 勿 and the unvoiced variants of the negator with 弗. This is often received somewhat inconsistently, however, and the choice between the variant characters remains largely a matter of personal preference.
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see 費 (“to cost; to spend; to expend; to consume; to use; to exhaust; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 費). |
Notes:
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Japanese
[edit]
Kanji
[edit]弗
- not
- used phonetically, such as in 弗素 (fusso, “fluorine”)
- (by extension, in compounds) fluorine
- the dollar sign ($)
Readings
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| ふつ Hyōgai |
| kan'on |
Originally borrowed from Middle Chinese 弗 (*pjut), meaning either “not” or “a gust of wind”. Apparently later repurposed during the later Edo period for its phonetic value in translating the Dutch fluor (“fluorine”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]Seldom used. In chemistry contexts, almost always spelled in katakana as フツ, appearing in most compounds as フッ.
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
- 弗化 (ふっか, fukka): fluoridation; fluoro-, fluor-; fluorinated
- 弗化カルシウム (ふっかカルシウム, fukka karushiumu): calcium fluoride, CaF2
- 六弗化リン酸リチウム (ろくふっかりんさんりちうむ, roku fukka rinsan richiumu): lithium hexafluorophosphate
- 弗化水素 (ふっかすいそ, fukka suiso): hydrogen fluoride, HF
- 弗化水素酸 (ふっかすいそさん, fukka suiso san): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗化物 (ふっかぶつ, fukkabutsu): fluoride
- 六弗化硫黄 (ろくふっかいおう, ろくふっかいおう): sulfur hexafluoride
- 弗酸 (ふっさん, fussan): short for 弗化水素酸 (fukka suiso san): hydrofluoric acid
- 弗素 (ふっそ, fusso): fluorine, F
Purely phonetic uses:
Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弗 |
| どる Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
Glyph origin
[edit]Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $. This reading is ultimately borrowed from Dutch dollar.[1][2]
Definitions
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 弗 – see the following entry. | ||
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| (This term, 弗, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) |
References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}. - Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.[1]
References
[edit]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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