سال

See also: ساڵ, سأل, and شال

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
س ي ل (s y l)
6 terms

Verb

سَالَ • (sāla) I (non-past يَسِيلُ (yasīlu), verbal noun سَيْل (sayl) or سَيَلَان (sayalān))

1. to flow, to run
2. to stretch over a horse's forehead and nose (of a white spot)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of سَالَ (I, hollow, a ~ i, impersonal passive (?), verbal nouns سَيْل, سَيَلَان)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						سَيْل, سَيَلَان sayl, sayalān
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَائِل sāʔil
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسِيل masīl
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سِلْتُ siltu	سِلْتَ silta	سَالَ sāla		سِلْتُمَا siltumā	سَالَا sālā		سِلْنَا silnā	سِلْتُمْ siltum	سَالُوا sālū
	f		سِلْتِ silti	سَالَتْ sālat			سَالَتَا sālatā			سِلْتُنَّ siltunna	سِلْنَ silna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسِيلُ ʔasīlu	تَسِيلُ tasīlu	يَسِيلُ yasīlu		تَسِيلَانِ tasīlāni	يَسِيلَانِ yasīlāni		نَسِيلُ nasīlu	تَسِيلُونَ tasīlūna	يَسِيلُونَ yasīlūna
	f		تَسِيلِينَ tasīlīna	تَسِيلُ tasīlu			تَسِيلَانِ tasīlāni			تَسِلْنَ tasilna	يَسِلْنَ yasilna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسِيلَ ʔasīla	تَسِيلَ tasīla	يَسِيلَ yasīla		تَسِيلَا tasīlā	يَسِيلَا yasīlā		نَسِيلَ nasīla	تَسِيلُوا tasīlū	يَسِيلُوا yasīlū
	f		تَسِيلِي tasīlī	تَسِيلَ tasīla			تَسِيلَا tasīlā			تَسِلْنَ tasilna	يَسِلْنَ yasilna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسِلْ ʔasil	تَسِلْ tasil	يَسِلْ yasil		تَسِيلَا tasīlā	يَسِيلَا yasīlā		نَسِلْ nasil	تَسِيلُوا tasīlū	يَسِيلُوا yasīlū
	f		تَسِيلِي tasīlī	تَسِلْ tasil			تَسِيلَا tasīlā			تَسِلْنَ tasilna	يَسِلْنَ yasilna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		سِلْ sil			سِيلَا sīlā				سِيلُوا sīlū
	f		سِيلِي sīlī							سِلْنَ silna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	سِيلَ sīla		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُسَالُ yusālu		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُسَالَ yusāla		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُسَلْ yusal		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Etymology 2

From the root س و ل (s-w-l), alternative form of س ء ل (s-ʔ-l).

Verb

سَالَ • (sāla) I (non-past يَسَالُ (yasālu), verbal noun ?)

1. (dialectal) Alternative form of سَأَلَ (saʔala)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of سَالَ (I, hollow, i ~ a, full passive, verbal noun ?)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						? ?
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						? ?
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسُول masūl
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سِلْتُ siltu	سِلْتَ silta	سَالَ sāla		سِلْتُمَا siltumā	سَالَا sālā		سِلْنَا silnā	سِلْتُمْ siltum	سَالُوا sālū
	f		سِلْتِ silti	سَالَتْ sālat			سَالَتَا sālatā			سِلْتُنَّ siltunna	سِلْنَ silna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسَالُ ʔasālu	تَسَالُ tasālu	يَسَالُ yasālu		تَسَالَانِ tasālāni	يَسَالَانِ yasālāni		نَسَالُ nasālu	تَسَالُونَ tasālūna	يَسَالُونَ yasālūna
	f		تَسَالِينَ tasālīna	تَسَالُ tasālu			تَسَالَانِ tasālāni			تَسَلْنَ tasalna	يَسَلْنَ yasalna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسَالَ ʔasāla	تَسَالَ tasāla	يَسَالَ yasāla		تَسَالَا tasālā	يَسَالَا yasālā		نَسَالَ nasāla	تَسَالُوا tasālū	يَسَالُوا yasālū
	f		تَسَالِي tasālī	تَسَالَ tasāla			تَسَالَا tasālā			تَسَلْنَ tasalna	يَسَلْنَ yasalna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسَلْ ʔasal	تَسَلْ tasal	يَسَلْ yasal		تَسَالَا tasālā	يَسَالَا yasālā		نَسَلْ nasal	تَسَالُوا tasālū	يَسَالُوا yasālū
	f		تَسَالِي tasālī	تَسَلْ tasal			تَسَالَا tasālā			تَسَلْنَ tasalna	يَسَلْنَ yasalna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		سَلْ sal			سَالَا sālā				سَالُوا sālū
	f		سَالِي sālī							سَلْنَ salna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سِلْتُ siltu	سِلْتَ silta	سِيلَ sīla		سِلْتُمَا siltumā	سِيلَا sīlā		سِلْنَا silnā	سِلْتُمْ siltum	سِيلُوا sīlū
	f		سِلْتِ silti	سِيلَتْ sīlat			سِيلَتَا sīlatā			سِلْتُنَّ siltunna	سِلْنَ silna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسَالُ ʔusālu	تُسَالُ tusālu	يُسَالُ yusālu		تُسَالَانِ tusālāni	يُسَالَانِ yusālāni		نُسَالُ nusālu	تُسَالُونَ tusālūna	يُسَالُونَ yusālūna
	f		تُسَالِينَ tusālīna	تُسَالُ tusālu			تُسَالَانِ tusālāni			تُسَلْنَ tusalna	يُسَلْنَ yusalna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسَالَ ʔusāla	تُسَالَ tusāla	يُسَالَ yusāla		تُسَالَا tusālā	يُسَالَا yusālā		نُسَالَ nusāla	تُسَالُوا tusālū	يُسَالُوا yusālū
	f		تُسَالِي tusālī	تُسَالَ tusāla			تُسَالَا tusālā			تُسَلْنَ tusalna	يُسَلْنَ yusalna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسَلْ ʔusal	تُسَلْ tusal	يُسَلْ yusal		تُسَالَا tusālā	يُسَالَا yusālā		نُسَلْ nusal	تُسَالُوا tusālū	يُسَالُوا yusālū
	f		تُسَالِي tusālī	تُسَلْ tusal			تُسَالَا tusālā			تُسَلْنَ tusalna	يُسَلْنَ yusalna

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Baluchi

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.

Noun

سال • (sál)

1. year

Kashmiri

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [saːl]

Noun

سال • (sāl) f (Devanagari साल)

1. sister-in-law (wife’s sister)

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Devanagari साल)

1. invitation to a function (a dinner, lunch, etc.)

Moroccan Arabic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saːl/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Root
س ي ل
1 term

From Arabic سَالَ (sāla).

Verb

سال • (sāl) I (non-past يسيل (ysīl))

1. to flow, to run

Conjugation

Conjugation of سال
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	سلت (salt)	سلتي (salti)	سال (sāl)		سلنا (salna)	سلتوا (saltu)	سالوا (sālu)
	f			سالت (sālet)
non-past	m	نسيل (nsīl)	تسيل (tsīl)	يسيل (ysīl)		نسيلوا (nsīlu)	تسيلوا (tsīlu)	يسيلوا (ysīlu)
	f		تسيلي (tsīli)	تسيل (tsīl)
imperative	m		سيل (sīl)				سيلوا (sīlu)
	f		سيلي (sīli)

Etymology 2

Root
س و ل
1 term

From Arabic سَأَلَ (saʔala).

Verb

سال • (sāl) I (non-past يسال (ysāl))

1. to be owed money
2. (dated) to ask

   Synonyms: سقصى (saqṣa), سول (sawwal)

Conjugation

Conjugation of سال
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	سلت (salt)	سلتي (salti)	سال (sāl)		سلنا (salna)	سلتوا (saltu)	سالوا (sālu)
	f			سالت (sālet)
non-past	m	نسال (nsāl)	تسال (tsāl)	يسال (ysāl)		نسالوا (nsālu)	تسالوا (tsālu)	يسالوا (ysālu)
	f		تسالي (tsāli)	تسال (tsāl)
imperative	m		سال (sāl)				سالوا (sālu)
	f		سالي (sāli)

Persian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts

Proto-Iranian *carHdáh

Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d)

Middle Persian ŠNT

Persian سال

From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (sāl), from Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θard⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [sɔːl̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [sɒːl̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [sɔl]

Readings
Classical reading?	sāl
Dari reading?	sāl
Iranian reading?	sâl
Tajik reading?	sol

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	سال
Iranian Persian
Tajik	сол

سال • (sâl) (plural سال‌ها (sâl-hâ) or سالیان (sâliyân))

1. year

Derived terms

• امسال (emsâl, “this year”)
• بزرگسال (bozorgsâl, “adult”)
• خردسال (xordsâl, “underage, minor”)
• سالیانه (sâliyâne, “annual”)
• میانسال (miyânsâl, “middle-aged”)
• پارسال (pârsâl, “last year”)
• کهنسال (kohansâl, “old, venerable”)

 

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: sal
• → Bengali: সাল (śal)
• → Gujarati: સાલ (sāl)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: साल (sāl)

  Urdu: سال (sāl)

• → Punjabi:
  • Gurmukhi script: ਸਾਲ (sāl)
  • Shahmukhi script: سال (sāl)
• → Sindhi: سال

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “sāl”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
• Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 220

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਾਲ)

1. year

Further reading

• Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “سال”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz

Saraiki

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saːl/

Noun

سال (sāl) m

1. year

Sindhi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɑlʊ]

Noun

سال • (sālu) m (Devanagari सालु)

1. year

Urdu

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /sɑːl/

• Audio (Pakistan):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑːl

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. year

Etymology 2

From Sanskrit शाल (śāla).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. saul tree and its wood (Shorea robusta)

Etymology 3

From Sanskrit शल्य (śalya).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. thorn

Etymology 4

From Sanskrit शाला (śālā).

Noun

سال • (sāl) f (Hindi spelling साल)

1. house
2. hall
3. place

Etymology 5

From Sanskrit शृगाल (śṛgāla).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. jackal

Uyghur

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *sāl. Cognates with Turkish sal.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑl/

Noun

سال • (sal) (plural ساللار (sallar))

1. a raft

Further reading

• Schwarz, Henry G. (1992) An Uyghur-English Dictionary (East Asian Research Aids & Translations; 3), Bellingham, Washington: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, →ISBN