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Max-Hellmuth Ostermann

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Max-Hellmuth Ostermann
The head and shoulders of a young man, shown in semi-profile. He wears a military uniform with an Iron Cross displayed at the front of his shirt collar.
Born(1917-12-11)11 December 1917
Hamburg, German Empire
Died9 August 1942(1942-08-09) (aged 24)
near Lake Ilmen, Leningrad Oblast, Soviet Union
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1937–1942
RankOberleutnant (first lieutenant)
UnitZG 1, JG 21, JG 54
Commands7./JG 54
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Max-Hellmuth Ostermann (11 December 1917 – 9 August 1942) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] He is credited with 102 enemy aircraft shot down claimed in over 300 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front with eight claims over the Western Front and one over Belgrade.[2] Ostermann was of such short height that wooden blocks had to be attached to his rudder pedals for him to engage in tight turning aerial combat.[3]

Born in Hamburg, Ostermann joined the military service of the Luftwaffe in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. After a brief period with Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1), a heavy fighter unit, he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54). He participated in the Battle of France and Britain before transferring east. He became the sixth fighter pilot in aviation history to achieve 100 aerial victories on the Eastern Front for which he was awarded Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. He was killed in aerial combat with Soviet fighters southeast of Lake Ilmen on 9 August 1942.

Early life and career

[edit]

Max-Hellmuth Ostermann was born on 11 December 1917 in Hamburg. His father was a civil servant in the justice department. Ostermann joined the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (Officer Cadet) in March 1937 after he had received his Abitur (diploma)—the final exams that pupils take at the end of their secondary education. His first assignment was with I. Gruppe (1st group) Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1) flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and participated in the Invasion of Poland in 1939.[4][Note 1] In January 1940 Hauptmann (Captain) Wolfgang Falck took command of I./ZG 1. Falck came to the opinion that the Bf 110 was just a little too big for Ostermann and had him transferred to the Messerschmitt Bf 109 equipped I./Jagdgeschwader 21 (JG 21) on 7 April 1940. JG 21 at the time was based at Mönchengladbach and was subordinated to Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Max Ibel, the Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of Jagdgeschwader 27.[5]

He claimed his first of two aerial victories in the Battle of France on 20 May 1940.[3] Ostermann was appointed the commander of a Rotte, an element of two aircraft, with Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) Fritz Marcks as his wingman. The Schwarm (flight) led by Oberleutnant (Senior Lieutenant or First Lieutenant) Günther Scholz engaged eight French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406's fighters near Amiens with Ostermann, Marcks and Scholz claiming one each.[6] His second aerial victory was achieved over a Curtiss Hawk-75 on 26 May 1940. In a head on firing pass two 20mm shells tore off large parts of the aircraft's tail fin, which then collided with Osterrmann's starboard wing. The French pilot was observed to bail out with Ostermann managing to make a safe landing.[7]

By the time I./JG 21 was ordered to the coastal area of the English Channel the Gruppe was redesignated III./Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54). Ostermann's third aerial victory on 12 August 1940 may have been over Flight Lieutenant E.B.B. Smith of No. 610 Squadron RAF, who bailed out of his Supermarine Spitfire I K9818. Smith was rescued from the Channel and hospitalized.[8] On 8 October 1940 Ostermann claimed his 7th aerial victory of the war and 5th of the Battle of Britain. His opponent may have been the Czech Sergeant Josef František who was killed flying Hurricane Mk. I R4175 from No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron near Sutton, west of Croydon, in the southern outskirts of London that day. The reason for his fatal crash remains unclear. Apart from Ostermann's claim, Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) Max Clerico and Feldwebel (Sergeant) Fritz Oeltjens also claimed one aircraft each at the same time and in the same vicinity.[9] On 5 September 1940, III./JG 54's Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) failed to return from a mission and Geschwaderkommodore Hannes Trautloft temporarily appointed Oberleutnant Günther Scholz to lead the Gruppe. The leadership of 7. Staffel (7th squadron) was filled by Oberleutnant Hans-Ekkehard Bob, who became one of Ostermann's mentors. During an escort mission on 30 September 1940, Bob and Ostermann claimed one Spitfire shot down each. In return Ostermann's wingman was shot down and made a forced landing at Bexhill. He radioed his fellow pilots: "Spinat vier meldet sich ab nach Kanada—Spinach 4 reports off for Canada".[10]

His aerial victory on 20 October 1940 over a No. 74 Squadron RAF Spitfire was his sixth—his eight overall—victory over Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters and his last during the Battle of Britain.[11] The following day III./JG 54 was instructed to relocate. Five month later following a long combat pause, JG 54 was moved to the south-east to counter the pro-British coup d'état in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.[12] He claimed his ninth victory over a Yugoslav Royal Air Force Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3, piloted by Karel Štrbenk who was killed, on 6 April 1941 over Belgrade during the Balkans Campaign.[13][14]

Eastern Front

[edit]
A black and white photograph a propeller driven fighter aircraft viewed from the rear-left. The aircraft is on a grass field, engine appears to be running. It bears three black and white crosses, two on the upper wings and one on the left side of the fuselage besides a large number "2". The tail rudder shows a black swastika plus rudder bears approximately 33 small vertical black lines arranged in three groups of varying length.
Ostermann's Bf 109F-2 "white 2" bearing 33 victory marks, September 1941[15]

On 23 June 1941, during the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Ostermann, in a free-hunting mission in the Lithuanian airspace north of Kaunas, intercepted a formation of nine Tupolev SB's and claimed two shot down in flames.[16] Ostermann survived a belly landing following combat with more SBs in south-eastern Latvia on 26 June.[17] On 5 July he claimed three SB-3 Soviet bombers in combat over the Velikaya River at Ostrov.[18] He claimed his 19th and 20th aerial victory on 6 July in the same combat area.[19] On the Eastern Front he claimed JG 54's 1,000th victory of the war on 1 August 1941.[13][20][Note 2] He became the eighth member of JG 54 to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 4 September 1941 after 29 aerial victories.[21] The award was presented on 10 September 1941 in Dno by Generaloberst (Colonel General) Alfred Keller.[22]

From 5 November to 5 December 1941, Ostermann temporarily led 3./JG 54 (3rd squadron), substituting for Oberleutnant Hans Schmoller-Haldy.[23] He claimed his 50th aerial victory on 9 January 1942, the 60th on 28 January 1942 and the 70th on 19 February 1942. After this series of aerial victories Ostermann was sent on home leave. The reason for his leave was that he wanted to get married. Back home, on his way to his wedding ceremony, Ostermann was arrested and put in jail. A German police officer had assumed that Ostermann, with his childlike features, was actually a schoolboy who was playing a prank and illegally wearing a Luftwaffe uniform and military decorations. The consequences endured by the police officer for his bad judgement remain unknown.[24]

After he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) for 62 aerial victories on 12 March 1942 he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 8./JG 54 (8th squadron). His 80th and 81st aerial victory were claimed on 19 March 1942 followed by victories number 89 and 90 on 27 April 1942.[2][25] Ostermann claimed his 100th aerial victory on 12 May 1942, the second JG 54 pilot—Hans Philipp was the first—and sixth overall to achieve the century, though in the same engagement his Bf 109F-4 was hit and damaged. Ostermann himself was hit in the right arm and upper thigh. Although severely wounded, he managed to return to his home airfield.[Note 3] Five days later, while in the hospital, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). The award was presented at the Führerhauptquartier, the "Wolf's Lair" (Wolfsschanze) at Rastenburg, on 28 and 29 June 1942.[27]

Ostermann was killed in action on 9 August 1942 far behind Soviet lines east of Lake Ilmen. He and his wingman Unteroffizier Heinrich Bosin were flying at an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) when they spotted a formation of nine Curtiss P-40 Warhawk's. Ostermann shot down the rear P-40. The two were reforming to make a second attack when they themselves were attacked from behind by a group of Soviet fighters emerging from the broken cloud cover. Ostermann's Bf 109G-2 (Werknummer 10438—factory number) was hit in the cockpit by 41 IAP's (41st Fighter Aviation Regiment) Starshiy Leytenant (First Lieutenant) Arkady Ivanovich Sukov flying a LaGG-3.[Note 4] The aircraft rolled over and crashed into the edge of a small wood.[28][29] After Werner Mölders and Leopold Steinbatz, Ostermann was the third of 45 recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords to die in World War II. This made him the first Swords recipient to be lost in air combat, as Mölders death was accidental and Steinbatz had only received the Oak Leaves before he died.[26]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ostermann was credited with 102 aerial victories.[30] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 102 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This number includes eight claims on the Western Front, one in Yugoslavia, and 93 Soviet Air Forces piloted aircraft on the Eastern Front.[31]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 10481". The Luftwaffe grid map covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Ostermann did not receive credit.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 21 –[32]
1 20 May 1940 18:20 M.S.406 west of Péronne[33] 2 26 May 1940 09:06 Curtiss Arras[33]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[34]
3 12 August 1940 09:35![Note 5] Spitfire[35] Canterbury
—
 12 August 1941
—
 I-16[36]
4 30 August 1940 19:05 Spitfire[35] 23 14 August 1941 17:01 I-153[36]
5 5 September 1940 10:40 Hurricane![35][Note 6] 24 14 August 1941 17:04 I-153[36]
6 30 September 1940 14:37 Spitfire[35] Tonbridge 25 17 August 1941 11:37 I-16[36]
7 8 October 1940 11:46 Spitfire[35] 26 18 August 1941 05:25 I-16[36]
8 20 October 1940 15:38 Spitfire southeast of London[37] 27 18 August 1941 11:02 I-16[36]
9 6 April 1941 12:43 Bf 109[38] Belgrade 28 21 August 1941 10:45 I-16[39]
10 23 June 1941 11:51 SB-2[40] north of Kaunas 29 23 August 1941 08:03 I-16 vicinity of Reval[39]
11 23 June 1941 11:58 SB-2[40] north of Kaunas
—
 4 September 1941
—
 I-16[39]
12 26 June 1941 18:32 DB-3 vicinity of Dünaburg[40] 30 5 September 1941 15:45 I-16[39]
13 30 June 1941 12:10 DB-3[41] 31 7 September 1941 14:25 I-18 (MiG-1)[39]
14 30 June 1941 12:11 DB-3[41] 32 7 September 1941 14:30 I-18 (MiG-1)[39]
15 30 June 1941 12:15 DB-3[41] vicinity of Dünaburg 33 8 September 1941![Note 7] 17:25 I-18 (MiG-1)[39]
16 5 July 1941 20:04 SB-3[41] vicinity of Ostrov 34 10 September 1941 10:24 I-26 (Yak-1)[39]
17 5 July 1941 20:05 SB-3[41] vicinity of Ostrov 35 11 September 1941 07:51 I-15[39] vicinity of Staraya Russa
18 5 July 1941 20:08 SB-3[41] vicinity of Ostrov 36 11 September 1941 10:12 SB-3[39] vicinity of Staraya Russa
19 6 July 1941 17:35 SB-3 east of Ostrov[41]
—
 12 September 1941
—
 DB-3[39] vicinity of Staraya Russa
20 6 July 1941 17:37 SB-3 east of Ostrov[41] 37 17 September 1941 10:24 I-18 (MiG-1)[43]
21 28 July 1941 20:03 I-18 (MiG-1)[36]
—
 7 October 1941
—
 I-18 (MiG-1)[43]
22 1 August 1941 19:06 DB-3[36] 38 25 October 1941 14:15 I-26 (Yak-1)[43]
—
 10 August 1941
—
 I-18 (MiG-1)[36] 39 29 October 1941 13:50 I-26 (Yak-1)[43]
—
 10 August 1941
—
 I-18 (MiG-1)[36] 40 30 October 1941 11:35 ground attack aircraft north of Mind[43]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[44]
41 13 November 1941 15:04 Pe-2[45] 52 20 January 1942 14:22 I-26 (Yak-1)[46]
42 16 November 1941 15:16![Note 8] I-26 (Yak-1)[45] 53 23 January 1942 11:03 I-16[46]
43 16 November 1941 15:20 I-26 (Yak-1)[45] 54 23 January 1942 11:27 Il-2[46]
44 19 November 1941 08:35 PS-84 (DC-3)[45] 55 24 January 1942 13:07 I-16[46]
45 30 November 1941 13:45 PS-84 (DC-3)[45] 56 25 January 1942 10:45 MBR-2[46]
46 1 December 1941 15:10 Yak-1 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Leningrad[45] 57 25 January 1942 11:12 I-153[46]
47 1 January 1942 12:37 I-26 (Yak-1)[46] 58 25 January 1942 11:26 I-153[46]
48 8 January 1942 13:42 I-26 (Yak-1)[46] 59 26 January 1942 13:21 Pe-2[46]
49 8 January 1942 13:50 I-180 (Yak-7)[46] 60 28 January 1942 09:18 I-15[46]
50 9 January 1942 15:15 I-26 (Yak-7)[46] 61 28 January 1942 15:01 I-18 (MiG-1)[46]
51 11 January 1942 15:05 I-18 (MiG-1)[46] 62 1 February 1942 10:50 P-40[47]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[48]
63 14 March 1942 17:07 I-26 (Yak-1)[49] 83 1 April 1942 18:12 I-18 (MiG-1)[49]
64 16 March 1942 08:26![Note 9] I-26 (Yak-1)[49] 84 23 April 1942 12:30 MiG-3[50]
65 17 March 1942 10:06 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 85 23 April 1942 12:30 MiG-3[50]
66 17 March 1942 14:00 R-Z![49][Note 10] 86 23 April 1942 16:02 MiG-3[50]
67 17 March 1942 14:03 R-Z![49][Note 10] 87 24 April 1942 06:41 R-Z![50][Note 10]
68 18 March 1942 16:35 P-40[49] 88 25 April 1942 11:30 I-180 (Yak-7)[50]
69 18 March 1942 17:02 biplane![49][Note 11] 89 27 April 1942 06:15 P-40[50]
70 19 March 1942 11:15 P-40[49] 90 27 April 1942 18:18 P-40[50]
71 19 March 1942 11:42![Note 12] I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 91 29 April 1942 16:22 MiG-3[51]
72 20 March 1942 12:21 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 92 29 April 1942 16:25 MiG-3[51]
73 20 March 1942 17:21 R-Z![49][Note 10] 93 30 April 1942 13:41 P-40[51]
74 21 March 1942 11:40![Note 13] I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 94 30 April 1942 14:06 MiG-3[51]
75 22 March 1942 17:43![Note 14] I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 95 6 May 1942 18:12 I-180 (Yak-7)[52]
76 22 March 1942 17:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 96 6 May 1942 18:19 I-180 (Yak-7)[52]
77 28 March 1942 10:14![Note 15] I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 97 9 May 1942 15:23 P-40[52]
78 29 March 1942 09:28 I-16[49] 98 10 May 1942 08:25 Yak-7 PQ 10481[52]
35 km (22 mi) northeast of Lubań
79 29 March 1942 11:57 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 99 12 May 1942 09:36 I-16 PQ 10362[52]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Mga
80 29 March 1942 12:05 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 100 12 May 1942 09:41 I-16[52]
81 31 March 1942 13:15 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 101 8 August 1942 18:58 P-40 PQ 29561[53]
55 km (34 mi) south-southeast of Malaya Vishera
82 31 March 1942 13:33 I-18 (MiG-1)[49] 102 9 August 1942 11:33 P-40 PQ 29521, Dalewo[53]
45 km (28 mi) south of Malaya Vishera

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  2. ^ The credit may also have gone to Oberleutnant Günther Scholz.[13]
  3. ^ According to Berger he baled out and was rescued by the German infantry.[26]
  4. ^ IAP—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Истребительный Авиационный Полк)
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:32.[32]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at Supermarine Spitfire.[32]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 9 September 1941.[42]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:18.[42]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:30.[48]
  10. ^ a b c d According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at Polikarpov R-5.[48]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at Seversky.[48]
  12. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:48.[48]
  13. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:10.[48]
  14. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:13.[48]
  15. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:16.[48]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 31.
  3. ^ a b c d e Berger 1999, p. 260.
  4. ^ Williamson & Bujeiro 2005, p. 10.
  5. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 7.
  6. ^ Bergström 2008, pp. 8–9.
  7. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 9.
  8. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 11.
  9. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 15.
  10. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 13.
  11. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 17.
  12. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 19.
  13. ^ a b c Weal 2001, p. 39.
  14. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 20.
  15. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 29.
  16. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 53.
  17. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 57.
  18. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 78.
  19. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 79.
  20. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2000, p. 128.
  21. ^ Weal 2001, p. 48.
  22. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 34.
  23. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 197.
  24. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 45.
  25. ^ Weal 2001, p. 56.
  26. ^ a b Berger 1999, p. 261.
  27. ^ Weal 2001, p. 57.
  28. ^ Weal 2001, p. 59.
  29. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 61.
  30. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 331.
  31. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 942–944.
  32. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 942.
  33. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 197.
  34. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 942–943.
  35. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2002, p. 338.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003b, p. 264.
  37. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 340.
  38. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 254.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2003b, p. 265.
  40. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 262.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2003b, p. 263.
  42. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 943.
  43. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 266.
  44. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 943–944.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 204.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prien et al. 2005, p. 199.
  47. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 200.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 944.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Prien et al. 2005, p. 251.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2005, p. 252.
  51. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 253.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 211.
  53. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 218.
  54. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 135.
  55. ^ a b c Scherzer 2007, p. 579.
  56. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 331.
  57. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 59.
  58. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 39.

Bibliography

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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen—9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen—10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 3—Action in Denmark and Norway—9 April to 30 November 1940—The Campaign in the West—10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-78-6.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Weal, John (2001). Jagdgeschwader 54 "Grünherz". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 6. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-286-9.
  • Williamson, Gordon; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2005). Knight's Cross, Oak-Leaves and Swords Recipients 1941–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-643-0.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). The German War Machine in World War II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.

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