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List of wars involving Iran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.

Conflict Iran (and allies) Opponents Results Notes
Elam Kingdom

(3200–539 BC)

Elamite invasion of Sumer[1]

(Circa 2600 BC)

Awan Elam Sumer Victory Deposition of Balulu, end of First Dynasty of Ur and stablish of Elamyte dynasty.
Sumerian invasion of Elam

(Circa 2400 BC)

Awan Elam

Kish Akshak Umma

Sumer Defeat Eannatum manage to conquer parts of Elam (destroying Susa) and develop one of the first recorded empires.
Elamite-Sumer skirmishes.[2][3]

(Circa 2400 BC)

Awan Elam

Marhasi

Sumer Stalemate Elamite's success to expel Sumer's incursions from Iranian Plateau and sack some Sumer city states in Mesopotamia, but governors like Enentarzi expel them from its domains.
Akkadian conquest of Elam[4]

(Circa 2300-2200 BC)

Elam

Marhasi Gutian people Pashime

Akkadian Empire Defeat South-Western Iran is conquered by Sargon of Akkad, his son Rimush defeat the revolts led by Abalgamash, and Manishtushu expands forward Anshan and seizure control of Persian Gulf.
Narum-Sin campaign on Elam

(Circa 2200 BC)

Elam

Marhasi co-belligerant: Sumer rebels Gutian people

Akkadian Empire Ceasefire Accadian control of Khuzestan is reinforced, installing imperial governors to counter the power from native kings like Khita.[5]
First Shar-Kali-Sharri campaign on Elam

(Circa 2100 BC)

Elam Akkadian Empire Defeat Status quo ante bellum
Kutik-Inshushinak campaign against Gutians[6]

(Circa 2100 BC)

Akkadian Empire Gutian people Victory Elamyte-Accadians expand territories on the Zagros Mountains.
Elamyte independence war against Akkadians[7][8]

(Circa 2090 BC)

Elam

co-belligerant: Uruk

Akkadian Empire

Gutian people

Victory
Sumerian invasion of Elam[8][9]

(Circa 2090 BC)

Elam

Lagash

Neo-Sumerian Empire

co-belligerant

Shimashki dynasty

Defeat The King of Sumer and Akkad, Ur-Nammu and his son Shulgi, conquers parts of Elam surrounding Susa. The rest of Elam is conquered by the Shimashki dynasty, after the death of Puzur-Inshushinak.
Sumerian border skirmishes on the north-east[10][11]

(Circa 2000 BC)

Simurrum

Lullubi co-belligerant Elam

Neo-Sumerian Empire Inconclusive Tribal invasions from Western Iran to Sumer are stopped.
Elamyte conquest of Sumer[12][13]

(Circa 2004/1940 BC)

Shimashki Elam Neo-Sumerian Empire Victory Elamyte king, Kindattu, capture Sumerian king, Ibbi-Sin. End of the third dynasty of Ur and Elamyte military occupation and rule for 21 years.
Amorite conquest of Sumer[14]

(Circa 1900 BC)

Shimashki Elam Amorites Defeat Ishbi-Erra expel the Elamytes from Ur, then gain the title of King of Sumer and expands over Sumer and Akkad.
Revolts against Assyrian domain[15][16]

(722-702 BC)

Babylonia

Aram (Ancient Syrian cities)

Philistia

Ancient Levant cities

Rebel Syro-Hittite states

Rebel Mannaea

Medes

Rebel Ellipi

Supported by:

Neo-Assyrian Empire

Cimmerians


Kingdom of Judah
Stalemate
Assyrian conquest of Elam

(655–639 BC)

Elam Neo-Assyrian Empire Defeat Assyrian conquers the Elamyte Domains.
Median Empire
(678–549 BC)
Assyrian invasions of Media (10th – late 7th centuries BC) Medes Assyrian Empire Defeat Kingdoms and city-states of western Iran became Assyrian vassals
Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC) Medes

Scythians

Other Iranian peoples

Assyrian Empire Victory Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media
  • End of Assyrian rule in Media
  • Formation of an independent Median kingdom
  • Median invasion of Assyria repelled
Medo-Babylonian invasion Assyria
(626–609 BC)
Median Kingdom
Babylonia

Persians

Assyrian Empire Victory Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia
Scythian invasion of Media (624–597 BC) Median Kingdom Scythians Victory War between two groups of Iranian peoples
  • Conquest of Media by Scythians
  • End of Scythian rule in Media in 597 BC, during reign of Cyaxares
Siege of Harran
(609 BC)
Medes
Babylonia
Assyria

Egypt

Victory The Assyrian insurgency
Battle of Eclipse
(585 BC)
Medes Kingdom of Lydia Undecided The battle ended due to an eclipse.
Achaemenid Empire
(550–330 BC)
Battle of Hyrba
(552 BC)
Persians Medes Empire Victory
Persian Revolt
(552–549 BC)
Persians Median Empire Victory By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Battle of the Persian border
(551 BC)
Persians Medes Empire Victory Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Conquest of Lydia
(547 BC)
Persian Empire Lydian Empire Victory Lydia annexed by Iran
Cyrus' first eastern campaign (545–540 BC) Persian Empire Gedrosia Victory Persian conquest of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east after initial defeat
Conquest of Babylonia
(540–539 BC)
Persian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Victory Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran
Cyrus' second eastern Campaign (533 BC) Persian Empire Gedrosia Victory Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities.
Conquest of Egypt
(525 BC)
Persian Empire Kingdom of Egypt Victory Egypt annexed by Iran
Persian incursions into Nubia[17]

(526 BC)

Persian Empire Kingdom of Kush Defeat Cambyses II fails to expand Achaemenid domains into the south to reach the limits of former Egyptian Empire.[18] Nubians maintains its independence and Persians establish frontier on Elephantine.
Conquest of India (Indus Valley)

(518 BC)

Persian Empire Mahajanapadas Victory Achaemenid military occupation of northwestern regions of India for about two centuries
European Scythian campaign
(513 BC)
Persian Empire Scythians in European Scythia Victory Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions
Greek Revolt

(499 BC–493 BC)

Persian Empire Greeks Victory Persia re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus
Greco-Persian War (First)

(492–490 BC)

Persian Empire Greeks Undecided Persia conquers Macedonia and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace,but fails in an attempt to subjugate Athens and Sparta
Greco-Persian War (Second)

(480–479 BC)

Persian Empire Greeks Defeat Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia
Peloponnesian War
(431–404 BC)
Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by:
Achaemenid Empire
Delian League (led by Athens) Victory Dissolution of the Delian League; Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies
Battle of Cunaxa
(401 BC)
Persian Empire Cyrus the Younger Victory Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom
Corinthian War
(395–387 BC)
Athens
Argos
Corinth
Thebes
Persian Empire
Other allies
Sparta
Peloponnesian League
Victory

(Peace of Antalcidas

dictated by Iran)

Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran; Boeotian league dissolved; Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved.
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign
(385 BC)
Persian Empire Cadusii Victory Negotiated peace with rival chiefs
Revolt of the Satraps
(372–362 BC)
Persian Empire Rebel satrapies Victory Rebellions crushed
Second conquest of Egypt
(c. 340 BC)
Persian Empire Egypt Victory Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran
Macedonian invasion of Iran
(355–328 BC)
Persian Empire Macedonia Defeat Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327–325 BC) Macedonia Ancient India Victory Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley.

Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha.

Wars of the Diadochi

(322–281 BC)

First War:

Second War:

Third War:

First War:

Second War:

Third War:

Defeat Death of Perdiccas.

Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia.

Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC)
Babylonian War (311–309 BCE) Seleucid Empire Antigonid dynasty Victory Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam
Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE) Seleucid Empire Maurya Empire Defeat Treaty of the Indus
Syrian Wars

(274–168 BC)[19]

Seleucid Empire Ptolemaic Egypt Victory
Antiouchus' Bactrian Campaign

(209–206/5 BC)

Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Victory Antiochus III recognizes Euthydemus's reign
Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)[20] Seleucid Empire Roman Republic Defeat Peace of Apamea
Campaigns of Artaxias I

(189–165 BCE)

Seleucid Empire

Atropatene
Kingdom of Cataonia
Kingdom of Pontus

Lesser Armenia

Kingdom of Iberia

Kingdom of Armenia

Kingdom of Sophene

Defeat The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia.
Parthian Empire
(247 BC–224 AD)
Parni Conquest Parthia

(238 BC)

Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Victory • Rise of the Parthian Empire

• The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars

Seleucid–Parthian Wars
(238 BC–129 BC)
Parthian Empire

Parni

Seleucid Empire

Persis Elymais Characene

Scythians

Arabs

Victory • Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran
Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC) Parthian Empire Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Victory
  • Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire.
  • Greek debilitation and arise of Kushan Empire in the zone
Second Parthian-Kushan War

(between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE)

Parthian Empire Kushan Empire Defeat Kanishka I repels the invasion
Battle of Ecbatana

(129 BC)

Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Victory End of Hellenistic rule in Iran
Nomad invasion of Drangiana[21][22]

(128-115 BC)

Parthian Empire Indo-Scythians

Yuezhi

Victory Parthian reconquers western Bactria and expand into Amu Darya and Arachosia
Parthian invasion of Armenia

(120–100 BCE?)

Parthian Empire

Atropatene

Kingdom of Armenia Victory Parthians add territories
Parthian expedition to Arabia[23]

(119 BC)

Parthian Empire Ancient Arabs Victory End of Arab raids on Babylonia.
Mithridates II's war with the Seleucids.

(112-109 BC)

Parthian Empire

Characene

Seleucid Empire

Elymais

Victory Parthian conquers Mesopotamia and reduce Seleucids into Syria
Chinese–Parthian War[24]

(104–102 BC)

Parthian Empire Han China Stalemate Emperor Wu of Han forced Mithridates II of Parthia to start commercial relations and the sell of Persian horse, but Parthians maintain its Sphere of influence on Fergana Valley.
Armenian–Parthian War
(87–85 BC)
Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia Defeat Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great
Battle of Carrahe

(53 BC)

Parthian Empire Roman Republic Victory • Repelling the danger of the Romans

Crassus killed

• Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire

Liberators' civil war

(43–42 BC)

Liberatores

Supported by:

Parthian Empire[25]

Second Triumvirate

Supported by:

Ptolemaic Egypt

Defeat The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces.
Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC

(40–38 BC)

Parthian Empire Roman Republic Defeat Status quo ante bellum
Antony's Parthian War

(36–20 BC)

Parthian Empire

Atropatene

Hasmonean Kingdom

Roman Republic

Kingdom of Armenia

Galatia

Cappadocia

Pontus

Herodian Kingdom of Judea

Victory • Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran

• Ended by formal peace in 20 BC

Gondophares conquest on the East

(20–10 BC)

Indo-Parthian Kingdom Indo-Scythians

Indo-Greek Kingdom

Victory Gondophares conquers Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley.
Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia

(35 AD)

Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

Kingdom of Iberia Defeat Orodes of Armenia is deposed
Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia

(50s AD)

Indo-Parthian Kingdom Kushan Empire Defeat Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India.
Iberian–Armenian War

(50–51 AD/51–53 AD)

Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire (until 51)


Kingdom of Armenia

Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Iberia
Kingdom of Iberia

Roman Empire

Victory The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63

(58–63 AD)

Parthian Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire

Roman clients

Sophene

Lesser Armenia

Iberia

Commagene

Pontus

Stalemate Treaty of Rhandeia
Roman–Parthian Wars
(66 AD–216)
Parthian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia
Roman Empire
Pontus
Status quo ante bellum Borders changed several times.
Trajan's Parthian campaign

(115–117)

Parthian Empire

co-belligerant Jewish/Judean zealots[citation needed]

Babylonians rebels Armenian rebels

Roman Empire

Client Parthian state

Stalemate
Roman–Parthian War of 161–166

(161–166)

Parthian Empire

Pro-Parthian Edessans

Roman Empire

Pro-Roman Edessans

Defeat Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client
Battle of Ctesiphon (198) Parthian Empire Roman Empire Defeat Roman sacks Persian capital
Parthian War of Caracalla

(216–217)

Parthian Empire Roman Empire Victory
  • Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia
Sassanid Empire
(224–651)
Battle of Hormozdgan

(224)

Sassanids Parthian Empire Victory • Fall of the Parthian Empire

• Rise of the Sasanian Empire

Sasanid conquest of Sakastan

(225–226)[26]

Sassanids Indo-Parthian Kingdom Victory Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia

(226–238)

Sasanian Empire Kingdom of Armenia Defeat Sassanid withdrawal
Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I

(229–241)

Sasanian Empire Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hatra

Victory Both sides get territorial gains.
Roman-Sassanid Wars
(232–440)
Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Status quo ante bellum Borders changed several times.
Shapur I campaign on the East

(241–242)

Sasanian Empire Victory Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar) and the Hindu-Kush or even south of it.

Those includying Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara. Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah

Battle of Resaena

(243)

Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Defeat Roman recovers Nisibis and Singara
Battle of Misiche

(244)

Sasanian Empire Roman Empire

Goths

Germans

Victory Roman cedes Armenia and Mesopotamia
Siege of Nisibis

(252)

Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory Persian capture of Nisibis
Battle Of Barbalissos

(253)

Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory Shapur's army won against Valerian's army
Siege of Antioch (253) Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory Persian capture of Antioch
Siege of Dura-Europos (256) Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory Persian capture of Dura-Europos
Battle of Edessa

(260)

Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory
Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260) Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory Persian capture of Kayseri
Persian invasion of Palmyre and Anatolia

(260–262)

Sasanian Empire
Roman Empire (loyals to Gallienus)
Palmyra
Roman Empire (loyals to Fulvius Macrianus)
Stalemate
Battle of Ctesiphon (263) Sasanian Empire
Tanukhids
Roman Empire

Palmyrene Kingdom

Victory Persian expels Romans and Palmyrenes from Mesopotamia.
Palmyrene second campaign against Persia

(266)

Sasanian Empire

Co-belligerent: Germanic peoples

Palmyrene Kingdom

Co-belligerent: Roman Empire

Defeat Persian allows Palmyrene to free trade in the Silk Road that year.
Palmyrene third campaign against Persia

(269)

Sasanian Empire
Tanukhids
Palmyrene Kingdom Inconclussive
Sasanian revolts against Barham II

(274–293)

Sasanian Empire Victory Revolts suppressed
Narseh's insurrection

(293)

Sasanian Empire

Zoroastrians

Narseh's forces

Manichaeists

Defeat Bahram III is deposed, Kartir reforms are abolished, Zoroastrian theocracy ends and Sasanian empire is centralised.
Battle of Carrhae (296) Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Victory Persian invasion of Mesopotamia and Armenia success
Battle of Satala (298) Sasanian Empire Roman Empire Defeat Roman expels Persians from Armenia, capture Narseh's wife, raid Ctesiphon and gains territory on the Peace of Nisibis (299).
Shapur ll's Arab Campaign

(325)

Sasanian Empire Arabs Victory
Perso-Roman wars of 337–361

(337–361)

Sasanian Empire

Xionites/Kidarites

Roman Empire Indecisive Status quo ante bellum
Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans[27]

(350–358)

Sasanian Empire

Gupta Empire

Xionites/Kidarites

Kushan Empire

Victory
  • Expansion of Sasanian control to the south-east, beyond the Indus River.
  • Nomad peoples, led by the chief Grumbates, are forced to serve as mercenaries in the Persian army against Romans.
Sasanian–Kidarite wars

(350–466)

  • Sasanian campaigns in Central Asia
Sasanian Empire
Alchon Huns
Hepthalites
Kidarites Victory
Shapur II's 1st Armenian campaign (359–361) Sasanian Empire Kingdom of Armenia

Roman Empire

Victory Death of Arshak II
Kidarites invasions of Bactria

(360s)

Sasanian Empire Kidarites Defeat Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah
Julian's Persian expedition

(363)

Sasanian Empire

Arab allies

Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

Victory Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia
Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367–371) Sasanian Empire

Caucasian Albania

Roman Empire

Kingdom of Armenia

Defeat Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then

Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization.

Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378–386) Sasanian Empire Kingdom of Armenia

Eastern Roman Empire

Victory Peace of Acilisene
Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire

(395)

Sasanian Empire

co-belligerant
Roman Empire

Hunnic Empire Victory Huns quit
Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422

(421–422)

Sasanian Empire

Lakhmid Arabs

Eastern Roman Empire Roman victory Status quo ante bellum
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440

(440)

Sasanian Empire Eastern Roman Empire Indecisive Status quo ante bellum
  • Both empires agreed to battle northern nomads (Scythians).
Battle of Avarayr

(451)

Sasanian Empire Christian Armenians Victory

(Pyrrhic Win)

Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia but, the Armenians gained religious freedom for their Christian faith.
Sasanian War of Succession[28]

(457–459)

Loyals to Hormizd III Loyals to Peroz I Defeat Peroz deposes his older brother
Albanian's Revolt

(457–459)

Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania (independentists)

Hunnic Empire

Defeat Vache II of Albania, of the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania, success in stablish an independent Kingdom.
Kidarite-Sassanid War (464–466)[29][30] Sasanian Empire

Alchon Huns

Kidarites Victory End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars

(484–565)

Sasanian Empire

First Turkic Khaganate

Hephthalite Empire Victory
  • The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms.
  • Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the Oxus river
Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
(502–628)
Sasanian Empire Byzantine Empire Status quo ante bellum Borders changed several times.
Anastasian War

(502–506)

Sasanian Empire Byzantine Empire Draw Status quo ante bellum[31]

•Byzantium pays a small amount of money[32]: 77 

Aksumite invasion of Himyar

(518–525)

Himyarite Kingdom
  • Jewish Himyarites

Supported by:
Sasanian Empire

Kingdom of Aksum

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

Defeat
Iberian War

(526–532)

Sasanian Empire

Lakhmids

Sabirs

Byzantine Empire

Iberia

Ghassanids

Huns

Heruli

Aksumites

Kinda

Victory *Sasanians retained Iberia

Byzantines retained Lazica

Byzantines paid tribute of 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg) gold

Lazic War

(541–562)

Sasanian Empire Byzantine Empire Victory Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
Ethiopian–Persian Wars
(570–578)
Sasanian Empire

Supported by:

Jewish Himyarites

Kingdom of Aksum

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

South Arabian Christians

Victory Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)
War for the Caucasus

(572–591)

Sasanian Empire Byzantine Empire Defeat Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne.

Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591

• Byzantium stops paying tribute to Sasanian empire[33]

First Perso-Turkic War
(588–589)
Sasanian Empire Hephthalite Empire
Göktürks
Victory The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Sasanian civil war of 589–591 Sasanian Empire Supporters of Bahram Chobin
Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles

supported by:
Byzantine Empire

Defeat Khosrow II faction's victory
Vistahm Rebellion

(590–596)

Sasanian Empire Parthians led by Vistahm Victory Revolt suppressed
Byzantine–Sassanid War

(602–628)

Sasanian Empire

Avars (and Slavic allies)

Byzantine Empire

Western Turkic Khaganate

Status quo ante bellum
Second Perso-Turkic War
(606–608)
Sasanian Empire Western Turkic Khaganate
Hephthalite Empire
Victory Turkic invasion of Iran repelled
Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625)
Jewish rebels
Sasanian Empire
Byzantine Empire Status quo ante bellum Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.
Sasanian incursions into Nubia (620s)[34] Sasanian Empire
Kingdom of Makuria
Kingdom of Nobatia

Byzantine Empire

Inconclusive Persians are expelled by Byzantines, but Persian incursions destroy Christian Churchs and debilitate Nobatians, causing its decline and further conquest by simultaneous Makurian invasion.
Third Perso-Turkic War
(627–629)
Sasanian Empire

Supported by:

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

Western Turkic Khaganate
Supported by:

Byzantine Empire

Tang China

Defeat Byzantine control of Georgia
Sasanian civil war of 628–632 The Parsig faction

The Nimruzi faction

The Pahlav (Parthian) faction
Shahrbaraz's army
Stalemate
Muslim conquest of Persia
(633–654)
Sasanian Empire

Supported by:

Rashidun Caliphate

Kanarang

Defeat
Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679) Tang China

Sassanids in exile

Rashidun Caliphate (until 661)

Umayyad Caliphate (from 661)

Western Turkic Khaganate

Stalemate The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674.

After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years.

Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana

(673–751)

Abbasid Caliphate

Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries

Principalities of Tokharistan

Sogdian principalities

Khwarazm

Fergana

Türgesh Kaghanate

Second Turkic Khaganate
Tang China

Victory
Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692) Zubayrid Caliphate
Alids
Kharijites
Umayyad Caliphate Defeat Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca.
Umayyad campaigns in India

(712–740)

Umayyad Caliphate Gurjara-Pratihara

Guhila dynasty

Maitraka dynasty

Chalukya dynasty

Karkota Empire

Defeat
  • Arab, and later Turco-Persian Muslim invasions to India, stop for the next 250 years.
  • Islamization of modern Pakistan.
Third Fitna

(744–750)

Abbasid Caliphate

Supported by:


Kharijites
Umayyad Caliphate

Supported by:

Victory
  • Abbasid appropriation of most former Umayyad territory
  • Eventual establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba
  • End of privileged status for Arabs
  • End of official discrimination against non-Arabs
Tabaristan uprising

(784–804)

Karenids

Bavandids

Baduspanids

Zarmihrids

Abbasid Caliphate

Supported:

Barmakids

Stalemate Arabs finally conquer Tabaristan, but the locals obtain more authonomy after revolt.
Abbasid expeditions to East Africa

(804, 827/837)

1st phase

Abbasid Caliphate 2nd phase
Persians wālīs of Zanj

1st phase

Africans from Zanj

2nd phase
Abbasid Caliphate

Victory The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans.

Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise.

Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819) Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces) Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces) Victory Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.
Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan

(823–828)

Tahirid dynasty Kharijites Inconclusive Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.
Mazyar uprising

(839)

Tahirid dynasty Spahbed Mazyar and

Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces

Victory Mutasim Maziar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured.
Zaydid revolt of 864 Tahirid dynasty Hasan ibn Zayd's forces Defeat Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan.
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

(864–1041)

Abbasid Caliphate

Khazars (from 965)

Alans

Byzantine Empire (941)

Sarir

Volga Bulgaria

 Kievan Rus'

Oghuz Turks

Khazars (until 943)

Stalemate
  • Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus.
  • The disintegration of the Khazar Empire
  • Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea
  • The local Muslims defeated the Russians in their attempts to conquest Persian territories.
Samanid conquest of northern Iran

(900–901)

Samanid Empire Zaydids Victory Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
Sajid invasion of Georgia

(914)

Sajid dynasty Tao-Klarjeti

Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Abkhazia

Stalemate Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia
Sajid invasion of Armenia

(921)

Sajid dynasty Kingdom of Armenia Defeat Armenia success to maintain its independence.
Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928) Abbasid Caliphate

Sajid dynasty

Qarmatians of Bahrayn

Baqliyya rebels

Stalemate End of Qarmatian expansionism

Collapse of the Abbasid Empire

Battle of Iskhabad

(940)

Ziyarid dynasty

Firuzanids

Samanid Empire Defeat Samanid conquest of the territory
Saffarid dynasty
(861–1003)
Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870) Saffarid dynasty Zunbils

Kharijites

Medieval India

Victory Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam.
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876) Saffarid dynasty

Ayyars

Abbasid Caliphate Stalemate
Battle of Mecca (883)
  • Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)
Saffarid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

Tulunids Victory
Battle of Balkh

(900)

Saffarid Amirate Samanid Empire Defeat The Saffarids lose much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.
Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province

(900–904)

Saffarid Amirate Abbasid Caliphate Victory Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.
Military expedition against Makran

(907 or 908)

Saffarid Amirate Ma'danids Victory Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.
Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912) Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr Al-Layth Stalemate Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.
Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968) Saffarid dynasty Buyid dynasty Defeat Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.
Ghaznavid dynasty
(962–1186)
March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027) Ghaznavid Empire Medieval India Victory The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Ghaznavid campaigns in India

(10th and 11th centuries)

Ghaznavid Empire Medieval India Victory
  • The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran.
  • Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
  • Later Islamic empires would appear on the subcontinent.
Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)
Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars Seljuk Empire Ghaznavid Empire Victory • Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire

• Rise of the Seljuk Empire

Siege of Hamadan (1047) Seljuk Empire Kakuyids

Annazids

Buyids

Victory Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire.
Georgian–Seljuk wars

(1048–1213)

Seljuk Empire Kingdom of Georgia Defeat Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk and even invades Iran.
Byzantine–Seljuq wars
(1048–1308)
Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire

Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states

Victory Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks
Overthrow of the Qarmatians

(1058–1077)

Seljuk Empire

Uyunid Emirate
Abbasid Caliphate

Qarmatians Victory End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia
Seljuk war of succession

(1063)

Alp Arslan forces Qutalmish forces Victory Alp Arslan obtains the throne.
Battle of Manzikert
(1071)
Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire Victory Seljuks enter Anatolia.
Seljuk Civil War Seljuk Empire Kerman Seljuk Sultanate Victory Malik Shah maintains the throne
Battle of Ain Salm

(1086)

Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rûm Victory death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

(1090–1194)

(Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria Stalemate Nizaris consolidate a state in Daylam, Quhistan, and Jabal Bahra', then controls other scattered areas in Alborz mountains, Zagros mountains, and Khurasan.
First Crusade

(1095–1099)

Defeat
Siege of Mosul (1096) Seljuk Empire Uqaylid dynasty Victory Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State
Battle of Ghazni (1117) Seljuk Empire Ghaznavid Empire Victory Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal
First Siege of Baghdad (1136) Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliphate Victory al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.
Battle of Qatwan

(1141)

Seljuk Empire

Kara-Khanids

Kakuyids

Qara Khitai (Western Liao)

Karluks

Defeat Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan.
Second Crusade

(1147–1150)


Western front (Reconquista)
Wendish Crusade
Victory
Second Siege of Baghdad (1157) Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliphate Defeat Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
Ghurid dynasty
(879–1215)
Battle of Ghazni (1148) Ghurid dynasty Ghaznavids Victory The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.
Battle of Ghazni (1151) Ghurid dynasty Ghaznavids Victory The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.
Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor

(1175–1206)

Ghurid dynasty Rajput confederacy

Sena dynasty

Soomra dynasty

Ghaznavids

Qarmatians

Tibetan tribes

Victory
Battle of Andkhud

(1204)

Ghurid dynasty Khwarazmian Empire

Qara Khitai

Kara-Khanid Khanate

Defeat Ghurids lost suzerainty of Khurasan to the Khwarezmian Empire
Ghurid invasion of Tibet

(1206)

Ghurid dynasty Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation) Defeat
Khwarazmian dynasty
(1077–1231)
Mongol invasion of Persia (1218–1256) Khwarazmian dynasty

Nizari Ismaili state
Abbasid Caliphate

Mongol Empire Defeat
Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228) Khwarazmian dynasty  Kingdom of Georgia Victory Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains
Seljuk-Khwarazmid war

(1230)

Khwarezm Shahs

Seljuk rebels

Empire of Trebizond

Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm

Ayyubid Sultanate

Defeat Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols
Siege of Jerusalem (1244) Ayyubid Sultanate

Khwarazmians

Kingdom of Jerusalem Victory Muslim capture of Jerusalen
Ilkhanid dynasty

(1256–1335)

Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335) Mongol Empire

Principality of Khachen

Sultanate of Rum
Anatolian Beyliks
Victory Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate.
Siege of Baghdad (1258) Mongol Empire

Principality of Antioch

Abbasid Caliphate Victory
Toluid Civil War

(1260–1264)

Kublai Khan and his allies Ariq Böke and his allies Victory Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Berke–Hulagu war

(1262)

Ilkhanate

Supported by:
 Byzantine Empire

Golden Horde

Supported by:
Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

Inconclusive Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Kaidu–Kublai war

(1268–1301)

Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate (ally of Kublai)

Chagatai Khanate

House of Ögedei

Golden Horde (ally of Kaidu until 1284)

Inconclusive Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323) Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

Ayyubid remnants

Nizari Ismailis of Syria

Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264)

Karamanid rebels

Abbasids

Defeat Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance.
Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war

(1314–1318)

Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate

Chagatai Khanate Victory Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Timurid dynasty
(1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur
(1380–1402)
Timurid dynasty Muzaffarids
Jalayirid Sultanate
Tughlaq dynasty

Golden Horde
 Kingdom of Georgia
Delhi Sultanate
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
 Knights Hospitaller

Victory
Battle of Algami Canal

(1402)

  • Part of Timurid Invasion of Iraq
Timurid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Victory Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt
Timurid Civil Wars
(1405–~1501)
Various factions Various factions Collapse of the dynasty Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
  • Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan
Timurid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Defeat Invasion repelled
Safavid dynasty
(1501–1736)
Persian-Uzbek Wars
(1502–1510)
Safavid Empire Uzbeks Victory Fall of the Shaybanid Empire
Turkoman invasions of Georgia Kingdom of Georgia

Shirvanshah
Safavid Empire (1502)

Kara Koyunlu (1407–1468)

Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1502)

Victory End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids
(1506–1510)
Safavid Empire Yazidis Victory Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle
Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625) Safavid Empire

Imamate of Oman
Supported by:

British East India Company

Portugal Portuguese Empire

Supported by:

Spain Spanish Empire (since 1580)

Victory The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya.

Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.

Battle of Chaldiran
(1514)
Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Defeat End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire
Ismail I invasion of Georgia

(1516–1522)

Safavid Empire

Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels

Kingdom of Georgia Stalemate Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention
Battle of Jam (1528) Safavid Empire Uzbeks Victory Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523
(1532–1555),
Safavid Empire

Supported by:

Habsburg monarchy
[citation needed]
Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

France
Defeat Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands
Georgian-Safavid wars

(1556–1659)

Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli

Kingdom of Kakheti

Stalemate Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy
Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578) Safavid Empire Shaybanids Victory Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578
(1578–1590)
Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Defeat Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Battle of Herat

(1598)

Safavid Empire Shaybanids Victory Khorasan returned to Persians
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage)
(1603–1612)
Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
Siege of Dimdim
(1609–1610)
Safavid Empire Emirate of Bradost Victory Uprising suppressed
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage)

(1612–1618)

Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Serav (1618)
Capture of Ormuz

(1622)

Safavid Empire

British East India Company

Spain Iberian Union Victory Ormuz annexed to Persia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622
(1622–1623)
Safavid Empire Mughal Empire Victory Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623
(1623–1639)
Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Defeat Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia.
Battle off Hormuz

(1625)

Kingdom of England English East India Company

 Dutch East India Company

Supported by:

Safavid Persia

Portugal Portuguese Empire Draw End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf
Capture of Julfar

(1633)

  • part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts
Safavid Empire

Portugal Portuguese Empire

Muscat and Oman Omani Empire Defeat Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah.
Mughal–Safavid war of 1649
(1649–1653)
Safavid Empire

Khanate of Bukhara

Mughal Empire

Jaipur State

Victory Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651
(1651–1653)
Safavid Empire  Russia Victory Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled
Bakhtrioni uprising

(1659)

Safavid Empire

Turcoman tribes

Kingdom of Kakheti aided by Tushetians, Pshavs, Khevsurs Inconclusive Kakheti remained under Persian rule
1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain

(1717)

Safavid Empire Muscat and Oman Omani Empire Defeat Persian loss of Bahrain
Sack of Shamakhi

(1721)

Safavid Empire Rebellious Sunni Lezgins Defeat The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked
Russo-Persian War of 1722
(1722–1723)
Safavid Empire  Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Kingdom of Kartli
Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels
Defeat Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade.

Partition of Iran with the Ottomans in Treaty of Constantinople (1724).

Siege of Isfahan
(1722)
Safavid Empire Hotaki dynasty Defeat

(Regime change)

Afghan control of most of Iran

Rise of Nader Shah against Mahmud Hotak.

Hotaki dynasty (1722–1729)
Ottoman–Hotaki War 1724–1727 Hotaki dynasty Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Hamedan
Return of Safavids(Nader)
(1726–1729)
Hotaki dynasty

Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

Safavid Dynasty Defeat

(Regime change)

End of the Hotaki dynasty
Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani

(1730)

Safavid Empire

Nader's personal domains

Supported by:

English East India Company

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Ahmad Madani

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Jabbara

Forces Loyal to Sheikh Rashid bin Sa'id of Basaidu

Rebelling Arab tribes

Hotak remnants and Afghan raiders

Victory Revolt suppressed and reincorporation of Gulf Arabs to the empire
Battle of Zarghan
(1730)
Safavid Empire Hotaki dynasty Victory Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia)
Herat campaign of 1731

(1731)

Safavid Empire

Afghan loyalists

Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Hotaki dynasty

Victory Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat
Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735) Safavid Empire

Erivan Khanate

Ottoman Empire

Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimean Khanate

Lezgins

Victory Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus

Treaty of Constantinople

Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion

(1733–1734)

Safavid Empire Forces loyal to Mohammad Khan Baloch Victory Southern Persia is re-annexed.
Afsharid dynasty
(1736–1796)
Nader Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738) Afsharid dynasty Hotaki dynasty Victory End of the Hotaki dynasty
Nader conquest of the Persian Gulf (1738–1747) Afsharid dynasty Omani Empire

Pirates

Victory The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire.
Nader invasion of India
(1738–1739)
Afsharid dynasty Mughal Empire

Hyderabad Oudh

Victory Persian plundering of India
Nader Conquest of Central Asia (1738–1740) Afsharid dynasty Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Khiva

Victory Conquest of the Central Asian khanates
Nader invasion of Daghestan

(1741–1745)

Afsharid dynasty Lezgins

Avar Khanate (Avars)

Mekhtuly Khanate

Gazikumukh Khanate

Elisu Sultanate

Shaki Khanate

Victory The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743
(1743–1746)
Afsharid dynasty  Ottoman Empire Stalemate Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum
Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar
(1747–1796)
Afsharid dynasty Qajar dynasty Regime change Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah of Iran.
Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55) Afsharids

Qara Bayat Amirdom

Qajar dynasty

Khozeimeh Amirdom

Durrani Empire

Khanate of Kalat

Defeat Afghan dominance in the region
Zand dynasty
(1751–1779)
Campaign against Azad Khan
(1754–1762)
Zand dynasty Azad Khan Afghan Victory Azad Khan's surrender
Bajalan uprising
(1755)
Zand dynasty Bajalan Tribe (Kurds)[36]Bajalan Tribe[37] Victory Uprising uppressed
Ottoman-Persian War of 1775
(1755–1776)
Zand dynasty Ottoman Empire Victory Persia captures Basra.
Zand-Dutch War Zand dynasty Netherlands Dutch colonial empire Victory Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain

(1782–1783)

Persia Sheikhdom of Kuwait

Zubarah

Defeat Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain into its sheikhdom.
Siege of Kerman
(1794)
Zand dynasty Qajar Dynasty Defeat

(Regime change)

Qajars conquer and sack Kerman.
Qajar dynasty
(1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi
(1795)
Qajar Iran Kartli-Kakheti
Imereti
Victory Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia.
Persian Expedition
(1796)
Qajar Iran  Russian Empire Victory
  • Tactical Russian victory
  • Strategic Persian victory
  • Russian withdrawal after the death of Catherine II
Russo-Persian War of 1804
(1804–1813),
Qajar Iran

Supported by:

 Russian Empire Supported by: Defeat Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia.
Battle of Kafir Qala

(1818)

Qajar Iran Durrani Empire Inconclusive Both armies retreated
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821
(1821–1823)
Qajar Iran  Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum
Russo-Persian War of 1826
(1826–1828)
Qajar Iran  Russian Empire Defeat Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes its last Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary nation of Azerbaijan that were not ceded in 1813, as well as all of what is the current Republic of Armenia.
Siege of Herat
(1837–1838)
Qajar Iran

Supported by:

 Russian Empire

Principality of Qandahar

Emirate of Herat

East India Company

Supported by:

 British Empire

Aimaq tribesmen

Maimana Khanate

Andkhui Khanate

Sheberghan Khanate

Sar-i Pul Khanate

Bukhara Emirate

Khiva Khanate[38]

Defeat Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat
Battle of Fort Tabarsi

(1848–1849)

Qajar Iran Bábís Victory Successful repression
Siege of Herat

(1856)

Qajar Iran Emirate of Herat

Supported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Afghanistan

Victory Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)
Qajar Iran United Kingdom United Kingdom

Afghanistan

Defeat Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat.
Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah

(1879–1880)

 Ottoman Empire

Qajar Iran

Supported by:

 Austria-Hungary

Kurdish tribes Victory Successful repression
Ottoman incursion into Persia[39]

(1905)

Sublime State of Persia  Ottoman Empire Inconclusive Increase of territorial conflicts between both empires.
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) Qajar Iran

Supported by:

 Russian Empire

Iranian constitutionalists

Supported by:

 Ottoman Empire
Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran
Stalemate
Ottoman invasion of Persia

(1906)

Sublime State of Persia  Ottoman EmpireKurdish tribes Defeat Ottomans (with Kurdish allies) succes to invade Iranian Azerbaijan and Luristan, occupying Behik, Serdasht, Bani, Khanajin, Urmia, Gangachin, Mahabad, Khoy.
Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah

(1911–1913)

Qajar Iran Forces of Salar-al-Daulah Victory Rebellion suppressed
Swedish intervention in Persia

(1911–1916)

Qajar Iran

Sweden Sweden[40]

Anti-Qajar insurgents Victory
  • Anti-Qajar rebellions are suppressed.
  • The Swedish government quits in 1916 due to its neutrality on World War I. However, Swedes volunteers continued to serve in the Persian Gendarmerie until 1921.
Revolt of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar[41]

(1911)

Sublime State of Persia Forces of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar

Supported by: Russian Empire

Victory The Shah is expelled against from the country.
Persian Campaign
(1914–1918)
Qajar Iran
Jungle Movement
 Russian Empire

 British Empire

Assyrian volunteers


 Ottoman Empire

 German Empire

Stalemate
Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921) Qajar Iran
 Russian Empire (1915–1917)

 British Empire

Jungle revolutionaries

Supported by:
Soviet Russia (since 1920)

Victory
Yarahmadzai uprising

(1916–1934)

Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Supported by: British Empire

Yarahmadzai tribe

Supported by: German Empire (until 1918)

Victory Balochistan is pacified and partitioned between Iran and British India.
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922) Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Assyrian levies[42] Assyrian volunteers[43]

Irregular Kurdish militias

Supported by:

 Ottoman Empire

Victory Revolt suppressed
Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920) Qajar Iran Mohammad Khiabani's forces

Azerbaijan rebels

Victory Revolt suppressed
Pessian's Khorasan Revolt (1921)[44] Qajar Iran Autonomous Government of Khorasan Victory Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian
1921 Persian coup d'état (1921) Qajar Iran
Jangalis

Simko Kurdish rebels Colonel Pesian's forces

Supported by:  Soviet Union

Persian Cossack Brigade
Supported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Defeat
Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1922–1924) Qajar and Pahlavi Iran Sheikhdom of Mohammerah

Bakhtiari tribesmen

Arab separatists

Supported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Victory
Turkoman Rebellion in Eastern Iran (1924–1926)[45]

(1924–1926)

Iran Sublime State of Persia

loyalist Kurdish tribes

Supported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Turkmen rebels

rebel Kurdish tribes

  • Shadillu kurds

Supported by:

 Soviet Union[46]

Victory Rebellion suppressed and Soviet plans to stablish a turkic protectorate are avoided.
Pahlavi dynasty
(1925–1979)
Simko Shikak revolt (1926) Iran

Assyrian volunteers
Assyrian levies

Irregular Kurdish militias Victory Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq
Persian conquest of West Baluchistan[47][48][49][50]

(1928–1935)

Iran West Baluchistan Victory Iranian authority on West Bauchistan is reinforced-
Persian tribal uprisings of 1929

(1929–1933)

Iran Rebel tribes Victory Iranian government offered amnesties and most rebel leaders surrendered then. The rest gets a peace agreement.
Jafar Sultan revolt (1931) Iran Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels Victory Revolt suppressed
Goharshad Mosque rebellion

(1935)

Iran Bazaaris

Shia clergy

Victory Iranian government impose the Kashf-e hijab and other anticlerical reforms against Shiite to Westernize Iran. Further de-Islamization and continuation of claims by the clergy about heretical innovations in the government.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
(1941)
Iran
 Nazi Germany (Abwehr)
 Soviet Union
United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Australia

Defeat Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran and expulsion of German intelligence in Iran.
Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944) Iran Kurdish tribesmen Victory Hama Rashid driven into Iraq
Operation François

(1943)

Iran

Supported by: Soviet Union
United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Nazi Germany (Abwehr)

Qashqai people

Victory Germans fails to instigate a nomadic rebellion in the Persian Corridor.
Khuzestan revolt[51]

(1943)

Iran Khuzistan rebels

Supported by: Arab nationalist

Victory Revolt suppressed.
Iran Crisis of 1946
(1945–1946)
Iran Mahabad
Azerbaijan
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Victory Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan
First Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1961–1970)

KDP

Supported by:

Iran Iran

 Israel[52]

 United States (alleged)[53]

Before 1968:

Republic of Iraq

Syria Syria (1963)[54]


After 1968:

Ba'athist Iraq

Stalemate
Dhofar Rebellion
(1963–1976)[55]
Iran
 Oman
PFLOAG
PFLO
Victory Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman
1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967) Iran Revolutionary Committee leadership: Victory Kurdish revolt suppressed:
Insurgency in Balochistan (1973–present) Iran[55]

 Pakistan

Baloch separatist groups

Taliban-aligned groups

Supported by:

Ongoing Insurgency mostly repressed
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1974–1975)

KDP

Iran

 Soviet Union[56]

Supported by:

 Israel[57]

 United States[58]

Iraq Defeat
  • Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed
  • Iran withdrew its support for KDP
Arvand Conflict
(1974–1975)
Iran Iraq Victory

Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)

[edit]
Conflict Iran (and allies) Opponents Results Notes
Iranian Revolution and Consolidation
(1979–1983)
 Iran Iran Imperial State Islamic Republic victory Rival political factions and separatist movements crushed

Tens of thousands of political executions in the aftermath (7,900 from 1981 to 1985, 3,800 to 33,000 in 1988, unknown in 1986–1987 or 1979–1980)

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
(1979)
 Iran KDP-I
Komala
IPFG

Supported by:
Iraq Iraq

Victory Iranian victory, but pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996.
1979 Khuzestan insurgency
(1979)
 Iran DRFLA
APCO
PFLA
AFLA

Supported by:
Iraq Iraq
Victory
Qatif conflict
(1979–present)
 Iran
Shia militants
 Saudi Arabia Ongoing Mostly repressed from 1983 to 2011 by Saudi government. Sunni government executes many Shia rebels.
Iran–Iraq War
(1980–1988)
 Iran
KDP
PUK
Badr Brigades
Iraq Iraq
MEK
PDKI
Stalemate Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598.

Return to status quo, observed by UNIIMOG

Multinational Force in Lebanon
(1982–1984)
Islamic Jihad Organization
Iran Iran
 Syria
Progressive Socialist Party
Amal Movement
 United Kingdom
 France
 United States
 Italy
Stalemate Syrian Allied victory[59]
Tanker War

(1984−1988)

 Iran

Supported by:

 Pakistan[61][62]

Iraq

Supported by:
 United States
 Saudi Arabia
 Kuwait
Ceasefire UNSC Resolution 598
KDPI–Komala conflict
(1984−1991)
 Iran KDP-I
Komala
Victory Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan.
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
(1985−present)
 Iran

Supported by:
 Israel

Supported by:
Ongoing Iran-Israel conflicts continues
  • Tactical victories from Iran and its proxies
  • Tactical victories from Israel
  • Strategic stalemate
KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)  Iran KDP-I Victory KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.
1991 Iraqi uprisings Shia and leftist elements of opposition:'

Kurdish and Assyrian rebels:
Peshmerga

Assyrian people Assyrian Democratic Movement

Support:
 United States[63]
 Iran[64]
 Syria

 Government

Support:
MEK

Victory Ba'thist government victory

Kurdish gets Kurdistan Region

Tajikistani Civil War

(1992–1997)

Ceasefire Inter-Tajik Dialogue and the United Nations success to put an end to the conflict
  • Joint commission for national reconciliation and prisoner exchanges
Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan

(1999−2020)

 Iran

Supported by:

Victory Revolts suppressed
2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict

(2000–2006)

Hezbollah

Supported by:
 Iran
Syria Syria

 Israel Defeat Israel maintains the territories
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)  United States

 United Kingdom

Northern Alliance

 Canada
 Italy
 Germany
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Iran (until 2002)

 Taliban
Al-Qaeda Foreign fighters
Victory
  • Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan
  • Then Iran quits the coalition and form the Axis of Resistance after Axis of evil speachment, ending his collaboration with the US coalition.
Iraqi insurgency

(2003–2011)

New Iraqi government

Supported by:

Iran Iran[75][76]

 NATO

 Israel[77][78]

 United Nations

 United States

 United Kingdom

MNF–I (2003–09)


Shia insurgents
Ba'ath loyalists
Sunni insurgents
Inconclusive
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
(2004–present)
 Iran Jundallah (Iran) (2004–2011)
Jaish ul-Adl (2013–present)
Ansar Al-Furqan (2013–present)
Ongoing Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi

Dissolution of Jundallah

Iran–PJAK Conflict
(2004–present)
 Iran
 Turkey
PJAK Ongoing PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory
Houthi insurgency

(2004–2014)

Houthi Movement

 Yemen (pro-Saleh forces)

Supported by:

 Iran[84][85]

 North Korea[86][87][88]

 Libya (until 2011)[89]

 Yemen

 Saudi Arabia

Supported by:

 Jordan[91]

 Morocco[92]

 United States[93][94]


Ansar al-Sharia
Victory Houthis take control of Sanaa, Sa'dah and establish an independent administration that is allied to Iran.
2006 Lebanon War
(2006)
 Iran
Hezbollah

 Lebanon

 Israel Stalemate
Afghanistan–Iran border skirmishes

(2007–2023)

 Iran  Afghanistan Stalemate Status quo ante bellum
Gaza War (2008–2009) State of Palestine Gaza Strip

Supported by:
 Iran

 Israel Defeat Israel tactical victory
Syrian Civil War
(2011–2024)
Syria Syria
Hezbollah
 Iran
 Russia
Syria Free Syrian Army

 United States

 Turkey

 Saudi Arabia

 Israel


Islamic Front
al-Nusra Front
Islamic State
 Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Defeat
  • Rebel and Islamist uprisings quelled in much of Syria
  • Most of Syria now controlled by Syrian Government, which is supported by Iran.
  • Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017.
  • Assad regime falls and Iranian forces withdraw.
Insurgency in Bahrain (2011–present)

Supported by:

 Iran

 Bahrain
Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
Ongoing Ongoing insurgency by militant groups, supported by Iran, to topple government of Bahrain
War in Iraq
(2014–2017)
 Iraq
Peshmerga
 Iran
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Badr Organization
Hezbollah
Kata'ib Hezbollah

Assyrian people Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam

 United States

Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
Naqshbandi Army[citation needed]
Victory Iraqi government and allied victory against ISIL

Iran played a significant role in this victory. End of ISIL territorial control in Iraq; ongoing ISIL insurgency

2014 Gaza War

(2014)

State of Palestine Gaza Strip

Supported by:
 Iran

 Israel Inconclusive Both sides claim victory.[100]
Yemeni Civil War
(2014–present)
Supreme Political Council Cabinet of Yemen
Saudi-led coalition
al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda
Ongoing
Islamic State–Taliban conflict

(2015–present)

 Afghanistan

Al-Qaeda[102]

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (pro-Taliban & anti-IS factions)[103]


Supported by:

 United States (limited)[104][105][106][107]

 Iran (alleged)[108][109]

 Russia (alleged)[110]

 Pakistan (alleged)[citation needed]

 Islamic State

Mullah Dadullah Front[citation needed] (until 2016)

Fidai Mahaz[111]


Supported by:

High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (HCIEA)[112] (until 2021)[113][114]

Ongoing Continued IS-KP guerilla warfare and insurgent attacks
Western Iran clashes (2016–present)  Iran PDKI

PJAK

Komala

PAK

Khebat

Supported by:

 Saudi Arabia[citation needed]

Ongoing Restart of armed resistance against the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, eastern Kurdistan has not yet become a Kurdish state.
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

(2017)

 Iraq

Supported by:

 Iran[115]

Kurdistan Region Kurdistan Regional Government
PKK[116]
PDKI[117]
White Flags (alleged)[118]
Victory Iraqi Government captures 20% of the territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region including the city of Kirkuk, along with the surrounding oil fields and border crossings
Islamic State insurgency in Iraq

(2017–present)

 Iraq

Rojava (cross-border cooperation since May 2018)[120]

Supported by:

CJTF-OIR (until 2021)


 Iran[121]

 Russia[citation needed]


 Kurdistan Region

Supported by:

 Netherlands[122]

Islamic State

White Flags

Ongoing
Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)  Russia

 Belarus Supported by: Axis of Upheaval

 Ukraine

Supported by: Military aid to Ukraine

Ongoing No conclusive
2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings

(2023)

 Hamas
Palestinian Islamic Jihad PIJ

Supported by:
Hezbollah
 Iran

 Israel Ceasefire Inconclusive
Israel–Hamas war

(2023–present)

 Hamas
Supported by:
 Israel
Supported by:
Ongoing Iranian proxy groups initiate offensives against US military bases.
2024 Iran–Israel conflict

(2024)

 Iran
Supported by:
 Israel
Supported by:
Ongoing Status quo ante bellum

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
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  2. ^ THUREAU-DANGIN, Fçois (1907). "Une Incursion Élamite en Territoire Sumérien: A l'Époque Présargonique". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 6 (4): 139–142. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283625.
  3. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8.
  4. ^ Jr, William H. Stiebing (July 2016). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-51116-0.
  5. ^ Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.
  6. ^ Hall, H. R. (Harry Reginald) (1913). The ancient history of the Near East, from the earliest times to the battle of Salamis. University of British Columbia Library. London : Methuen & Co.
  7. ^ Ehrenberg, Erica (2002). Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-055-2.
  8. ^ a b Steinkeller, Piotr. "Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered". Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse.
  9. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Elam - Simashki dynasty, F. Vallat". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  10. ^ Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen (2001). The Shemshāra Archives. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 978-87-7876-245-0.
  11. ^ Frayne, Douglas (1990-01-01). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7.
  12. ^ Frayne, Douglas (1997). Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-2376-7. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt13x1qkz.
  13. ^ Dahl, Jacob Lebovitch (2003). The ruling family of Ur III Umma. A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago (PDF). UCLA dissertation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-12.
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