Iguanomorpha

Iguanomorpha Temporal range:
Leiocephalus personatus, a species of iguanian
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Clade:	Toxicofera
Clade:	Iguanomorpha Sukhanov, 1961
Suborder:	Iguania Cope, 1864
Subgroups
Acrodonta Pleurodonta

Iguania is an infraorder of squamate reptiles that includes iguanas, chameleons, agamids, and New World lizards like anoles and phrynosomatids. Using morphological features as a guide to evolutionary relationships, the Iguania are believed to form the sister group to the remainder of the Squamata, which comprise nearly 11,000 named species, roughly 2000 of which are iguanians. However, molecular information has placed Iguania well within the Squamata as sister taxa to the Anguimorpha and closely related to snakes. The order has been under debate and revisions after being classified by Charles Lewis Camp in 1923 due to difficulties finding adequate synapomorphic morphological characteristics. Most iguanians are arboreal but there are several terrestrial groups. They usually have primitive fleshy, non-prehensile tongues, although the tongue is highly modified in chameleons. Today they are scattered occurring in Madagascar, the Fiji and Friendly Islands and Western Hemisphere.

Classification

The Iguania currently include these extant families:

• Clade Acrodonta
  • Family Agamidae – agamid lizards, Old World arboreal lizards
  • Family Chamaeleonidae – chameleons
• Clade Pleurodonta – American arboreal lizards, chuckwallas, iguanas
  • Family Leiocephalidae
    • Genus Leiocephalus: curly-tailed lizards
  • Family Corytophanidae – helmet lizards
  • Family Crotaphytidae – collared lizards, leopard lizards
  • Family Hoplocercidae – dwarf and spinytail iguanas
  • Family Iguanidae – marine, Fijian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwalla iguanas
  • Family Tropiduridae – tropidurine lizards
    • subclade of Tropiduridae Tropidurini – neotropical ground lizards
  • Family Dactyloidae – anoles
  • Family Polychrotidae
    • subclade of Polychrotidae Polychrus
  • Family Phrynosomatidae – North American spiny lizards
  • Family Liolaemidae – South American swifts
  • Family Opluridae – Malagasy iguanas
  • Family Leiosauridae – leiosaurs
    • subclade of Leiosaurini Leiosaurae
    • subclade of Leiosaurini Anisolepae

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Daza et al. (2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:

Iguanomorpha

†Hoyalacerta sanzi †Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus †Pristiguana brasiliensis Iguania Chamaeleontiformes †Priscagamidae †Mimeosaurus crassus †Priscagama gobiensis †Phrynosomimus asper Acrodonta Physignathus Agama Uromastyx Leiolepis Rhampholeon Brookesia Iguanoidea (=Pleurodonta) †Gobiguania †Polrussia mongoliensis †Igua minuta †Isodontosaurus gracilis †Anchaurosaurus gilmorei †Zapsosaurus sceliphros †Saichangurvel davidsoni †Temujinia ellisoni †Ctenomastax parva Silvaiguana Hoplocercidae Enyalioides Morunasaurus Hoplocercus Polychrotidae Polychrus gutturosus Polychrus marmoratus Polychrus femoralis †Afairiguana avius Leiosaurus Anisolepis Enyalius Pristidactylus †Anolis electrum Anolis occultus Anolis heterodermus Anolis vermiculatus Euiguana Corytophanidae Laemanctus Basiliscus Corytophanes Terraiguana Iguanidae Crotaphytidae Crotaphytus Gambelia Phrynosomatidae Phrynosoma Uta Petrosaurus Sceloporus Urosaurus Opluridae Chalarodon madagascariensis Oplurus quadrimaculatus B Oplurus quadrimaculatus A Oplurus cyclurus †Uquiasaurus Liolaemidae Phymaturus Ctenoblepharys Liolaemus Leiocephalus Tropiduridae Stenocercus Tropidurus Uranoscodon

The extinct Arretosauridae (Paleogene iguanians from Central Asia) are alternatively classified in either the Acrodonta with other Old World iguanians, or in Pleurodonta as a sister group to the Crotaphytidae.

Conservation status

As of 2020 The IUCN Red List of endangered species lists 63.3% of the species as Least concern, 6.7% Near Threatened, 8.2 vulnerable, 9.1% endangered, 3.1% critically endangered, 0.3 extinct and 9.2% data deficient. The major threats include agriculture, residential and commercial development.

Further reading

• Frost, Darrel R.; Etheridge, Richard (1989). A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). University of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-89338-033-5.
• Frost, Darrel R.; Etheridge, Richard; Janies, Daniel; Titus, Tom A. (June 2001). "Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)". American Museum Novitates (3343): 1–39. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)343<0001:TESAEO>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55299129.