Aït Atta
The Ait Atta (Tashelhit: Ayt Ɛeṭṭa, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ) are a large Berber tribal confederation[1] or "supertribe"[2][3] of South eastern Morocco, estimated to number about 330,000 as of 1960.[4] They are divided into "five fifths" (khams khmas), all said to descend from the forty sons of their common ancestor Dadda Atta: these "fifths" are the Ayt Wallal, Ayt Wahlim, Ayt Isful, Ayt Yazza and Ayt Unbgi.[1][3][5] They speak Tachelhit.
History
[edit]The Ait Atta originated as a political entity in the Jbel Saghro region in the 16th century with the founding of their traditional capital Iɣerm Amazdar. They subsequently expanded first northwards, becoming rivals of the Ait Yafelman, then southwards, taking control of oases in Tafilalt and the Draa River. By the 19th century their raids went as far as Touat (in modern-day Algeria). They fiercely resisted the French entry into Morocco until 1933 and were the last of Morocco to fall under the forces of Assou Oubasslam where they fought the Battle of Bougafer.[1][3]
Socio-Political Organisation
[edit]The fifths were divided into a large number of groups who elected their own leaders called amghar n-tamazirt but there was no leader at the head of a fifth. The supreme chief of the Ait Atta called the amghar n-ufilla (the chief from above) was elected each year usually in spring. This system has been referred to as "annual rotation and complementarity" and it was the political system used by other Berber tribes in the Central High Atlas.
Each year candidates would be chosen from a specific fifth or lineage and only the members of the other four fifths would vote for a candidate from the chosen fifth. This system was also used for the lower levels. The election would take place in a place called Adman which is near their capital Igharm Amazdar. This election took place in the prescence of a Sharif belonging to the Ouled Moulay Abdallah ben Hocein (Dadda Atta was said to be a disciple of Moulay Abdallah ben Hocein founder of the zawiya of Tameslouht) who was referred to as the agurram (meaning religious man or poor Sufi). The agurram would hand the elected chief a bowl of milk and when he began to drink he would push the chief's face into it so that it spills all over his beard and clothes. After, the agurram would offer the chief some dates and all those present would be offered some milk and a date.[3][5]
In ordinary circumstances, power traditionally rested mainly with local councils of family heads, the ajmuɛ, who decided cases according to customary law, izerf.[6] In the oases they conquered, the Ait Atta originally dominated a stratified society, where the haratin who worked the land were often forbidden from owning it, and needed a protection agreement with an Ait Atta patron; this stratification has considerably receded since Moroccan independence with the establishment of legal equality.
Subdivisions
[edit]Ait Unbi
Ait Yaza
- Ait Krad Ikhsan
- Ait Gumas
- Ait Asa
- Ait Butrurt
- Ait Hamu
- Ait Uma
Ait Ulal
Ait Wahlim
- Ait Butklifa
- Ait Huran
- Ait Masin
- Imadren
- Ait Su n Afela
Ait Isful
- Ait Anzar
- Ait Buaghrum
- Ait Hitlar
- Ait Ichu
- Ait Bafghf
- Ait Hani
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Ilahiane, Hsain (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780810864900.
- ^ Hart 1984, p. 4
- ^ a b c d e Hart, D.; Morin-Barde, M.; Trecolle, G. (1989-01-01). "'Atta (Ayt)". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (7): 1026–1032. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1214. ISSN 1015-7344.
- ^ Hart 1984, p. 14
- ^ a b c Hart 1984, pp. 7–9
- ^ see Boum, Aomar (2013) Memories of Absence: How Muslims Remember Jews in Morocco. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. page 39. ISBN 9780804788519
Sources
[edit]- Hart, David (1984). The Ait 'Atta of Southern Morocco Daily Life & Recent History. United Kingdom: Middle East & North African Studies Press. ISBN 9780906599150.
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