The Panguna mine is a large copper mine located in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Panguna represents one of the largest copper reserves in Papua New Guinea and in the world, having an estimated reserve of one billion tonnes of ore copper and twelve million ounces of gold.[1][2] The mine has been closed since 1989 and has ceased all production.
 Copper ore concentrator undergoing construction, c. 1971 | |
| Location | |
|---|---|
  Panguna mine | |
| Autonomous Region of Bougainville | |
| Country | Papua New Guinea |
| Coordinates | 6°18′54″S 155°29′42″E / 6.315°S 155.495°E |
| Production | |
| Products | |
| Type | Open pit |
| History | |
| Opened | 1972 |
| Closed | 1989 |
| Owner | |
| Company | Bougainville Copper |
History
editThe discovery of vast copper ore deposits in Bougainville's Crown Prince Range led to the establishment of the copper mine in 1969 by Bougainville Copper Ltd (BCL), a subsidiary of the Australian company Conzinc Rio Tinto of Australia. The mine began production in 1972, with the support of the Papua New Guinea National Government as a 20% shareholder. In contrast to this, the Bougainvilleans received 0.5–1.25% share of the total profit. The site was at the time the world's largest open-pit copper/gold mine, generating 12% of PNG's GDP[3] and over 45% of the nation's export revenue.[4] Profits derived from the mine helped fund Papua New Guinea's independence from Australia, in 1975.[5]
Mining at Panguna included the direct discharge of tailings into tributaries of the Jaba River.[6] The mine caused devastating environmental issues on the island, and the company was responsible for poisoning the entire length of the Jaba River, causing birth defects, as well as the extinction of the flying fox on the island. Bougainville Copper had set up a system of racial segregation on the island, with one set of facilities for white workers and one set for locals. This prompted an uprising in 1988, led by Francis Ona, a Panguna landowner and commander of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA). The outcome of the uprising was the Bougainville conflict, between the BRA, who sought secession from PNG, and the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. The ten-year conflict resulted in over 20,000 deaths, the eventual closure of the mine on 15 May 1989, and the complete withdrawal of BCL personnel by 24 March 1990. As of December 2024[update], it remains closed.[7]
In June 2016, Rio Tinto relinquished its role by divesting its interests in the mine to national and local governments.[8] In 2020, the Human Rights Law Centre lodged a complaint with the Australian government regarding adverse environmental and human rights impacts of the mine.[9]
Environmental impacts
editThe environmental impacts of the mine continue to this day. Many people have had to relocate to higher ground to avoid contaminated drinking water.[9] Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and mercury are found in the surrounding rivers.[10] Rio Tinto has refused to fund remediation works, stating that it fully complied with the relevant laws during mining operations.[8]
Reopening
editThe autonomous government of Bougainville wants to reopen the mine for the purposes of seeking an independent funding source.[10] Estimates place the cost of reopening the mine at $5 to $6 billion.[10]
Gallery
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Ore mill at Panguna, Boungainville mine under construction, c. 1971 -
Shovel at Panguna mine undergoing maintenance, engaged in overburden removal, c. 1971.
See also
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References
edit- ^ "Panguna Copper Project". portergeo.com. 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ Doherty, Ben (31 March 2020). "Rio Tinto accused of violating human rights in Bougainville for not cleaning up Panguna mine". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ Mcdonald, Joshua. "Will Bougainville Reopen the Panguna Mine?". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat.
- ^ "Panguna | Papua New Guinea". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ "Bougainville's gold mine sparked a war that killed 20,000 – now it could be reopened". SBS. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Mudd, Gavin M.; Roche, Charles; Northey, Stephen A.; Jowitt, Simon M.; Gamato, Gama (1 November 2020). "Mining in Papua New Guinea: A complex story of trends, impacts and governance". Science of the Total Environment. 741. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74140375M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140375. PMID 32599403. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "History of Panguna mine". Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ a b Skidmore, Zachary (6 September 2021). "Rio Tinto and the legacy of the Panguna mine". Mining Technology. Verdict Media. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ a b Swanston, Tim; Gunga, Theckla (6 June 2023). "Bougainville's destructive goldmine could also be its $90 billion key to independence". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Catherine (6 May 2022). "Bougainville starts process to reopen controversial Panguna mine". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
External links
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Media related to Panguna mine at Wikimedia Commons