Draft:Lee A. Dyer

Lee A. Dyer

Lee Dyer is an American ecologist and entomologist specializing in the study of insect-plant interactions, particularly the chemical ecology and evolutionary dynamics of caterpillars and their natural enemies. His groundbreaking work has advanced understanding of ecological interactions, biodiversity, and the effects of environmental change on ecosystems.

Education and Career Dyer earned his undergraduate degrees in English and Biochemistry at the University of California Santa Barbara, and later completed his Ph.D. in ecology at the University of Colorado Boulder. He has held academic positions at multiple institutions, including Colorado Mesa University, Tulane University, and the University of Nevada, Reno, where he currently serves as a professor in the Department of Biology.

Research Contributions Dyer's research primarily focuses on the ecological roles of caterpillars and their parasitoids in shaping plant-insect interactions as well as chemical ecology and quantitative methods. His studies often explore the chemical defenses of caterpillars and the evolutionary arms race between herbivores and their natural enemies. He has also contributed to understanding the effects of climate change, habitat loss, and biodiversity declines on ecological networks.

Some of his most notable projects involve large-scale collaborations to assess herbivory and trophic interactions across diverse ecosystems. These projects have provided insights into how climate change influences insect diversity and ecological resilience.

Recognition Dyer has been elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in recognition of his distinguished contributions to the field of ecology. His research has earned him numerous accolades, including the George Mercer Award from the Ecological Society of America, which honors exceptional ecological research by scientists under the age of 40.

Species Named in His Honor Several insect species have been named after Dyer in recognition of his contributions to entomology and ecology: - **Aleiodes dyeri** (a braconid wasp) - **Stenoplastus dyeri** (a notodontid moth) - **Alabagrus leedyeri** (a wasp)

These species were named by colleagues who recognized his contributions to the discovery and ecological understanding of these organisms.

Teaching and Mentorship Dyer is known for his outreach, leading Earthwatch teams at sites across the Americas every year since 1997. He is dedicated to mentoring students at all levels, from undergraduate researchers to postdoctoral fellows. At Tulane University and the University of Nevada, Reno, he has been recognized for his teaching excellence and mentorship, fostering the next generation of ecologists and conservationists.

Personal Life Lee Dyer has a passion for outdoor activities, including climbing and hiking, which align with his love of fieldwork. His research often takes him to tropical rainforests and mountainous regions, where he conducts hands-on studies of ecological interactions.

Literature Cited

• Dyer, L.A., Smilanich, A.M., Gompert, Z., and Forister, M.L. 2024. Insect conservation, technological traps, and the fading arts of natural history and field ecology. Current Opinion in Insect Science, p.101261.

• Forister, M.L., Dyer, L.A., Gompert, Z., and Smilanich, A.M. 2024. Editorial overview: Global change biology: Novel perspectives on futures, mechanisms, and the human element of insect conservation in the Anthropocene. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 62(C).

• Christensen, T., M.L. Forister, A.M. Smilanich, L.A. Dyer. 2024. Host plant-mediation of viral transmission and its consequences for a native butterfly. Ecology. 105: e4282. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4282.

• Vaudo, A., Dyer, L.A., and A. Leonard. 2024. Pollen nutrition structures bee and plant community interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 121 (3) e2317228120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317228120.

• Rostami, M., Balmaki, B., Allen, J., and L.A. Dyer. 2024. Transforming Palynology: Deep Learning Approaches to inform Climate, Ecological, and Environmental Studies. Applications in Plant Sciences.

• Baguley, J.G., M.A. Rostami, E. Baldrighi, H.W. Bang, L.A. Dyer, and P.A. Montagna. 2024. Harpacticoid copepods expand the scope and provide family-level indicators of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill deep-sea impacts. Ecological Indicators, 202:116343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116343.

• Doan, L.M., Miller, J.S., Brown, J.W., Forister, M.L., and L.A. Dyer. 2024. Two new species of the hyperdiverse geometrid moth genus Eois (Lepidoptera; Geometridae; Larentiinae) from Ecuador, with descriptions of early stages. Zookeys. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1192.111275.

• Fernando Campos-Moreno, D., L.A. Alberto Lara-Perez, L.A. Dyer, J.B. Whitfield, and C. Pozo. 2024. A new species of Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) from southern Mexico, parasitic on Zanola verago Cramer, 1777 (Lepidoptera, Apatelodidae) feeding on Piper neesianum C. DC. (Piperaceae). Biodiversity Data Journal.

• Freire, G., Salcido, D., Dyer, L.A., and I. Diniz. 2024. Habitat heterogeneity shapes multiple diversity dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies in an environmental gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado. Forest Ecology and Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121747.

• Balmaki, B., Rostami, M., Allen, J., and L.A. Dyer. 2024. Effects of climate change on Lepidoptera pollen loads and pollination services in space and time. Oecologia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-024-05533-y.

• Grele, A., Massad, T.J., Uckele, K.A., Dyer, L.A., Antonini, Y., Braga, L., Forister, M.L., Sulca-Garro, L., Kato, M., Lopez, H.G., Nascimento, A.R., and L.R. Richards. 2024. Intra and interspecific diversity in a tropical plant clade alter herbivory and ecosystem resilience. eLife. https://elifesciences.org/articles/86988.

• Halsch, C., Shapiro, A., Dyer, L.A., Smilanich, A.M., Parra, A., Gompert, Z., and M.L. Forister. 2023. Thirty-six years of butterfly monitoring, snow cover, and plant productivity reveal negative impacts of warmer winters and increased productivity on montane species. Global Change Biology, e17044.

• Dyer, L.A. 2023. Book Review: Essential Entomology. American Entomologist, 69:53-54.

• Robinson, M.L., P.G. Hahn, B.D. Inouye, N. Underwood, S.R. Whitehead, K.C. Abbott, E.M. Bruna, N.I. Cacho, L.A. Dyer, et al., and W.C. Wetzel. 2023. Plant size, latitude, and phylogeny explain within-population variability in herbivory. Science. 382:679-683.

• Jin, S., Parks, K.S., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Dyer, L.A., & Whitfield, J.B. 2023. The Wing Interference Patterns (WIPs) of Parapanteles (Braconidae: Microgastrinae): demonstrating a powerful and accessible tool for species-level identification of small winged insects. Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 96:967-982. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.96.111382.

• Rostami, M.A., Balmaki, B., Dyer, L.A., Allen, J.M., Sallam, M.F., and F. Frontalini. 2023. Efficient Pollen Grain Classification using pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Study. Journal of Big Data, 10:151.

• Massad, T., Nascimento, A.R., Campos, D., Simbaña, W., Lopez, H.G., Garro, L.S., Lepesqueur, C., Richards, L., Forister, M., Stireman, J.O., Tepe, E., and L.A. Dyer. 2023. Variation in the strength of local and regional determinants of herbivory across the Neotropics. Oikos, e10218. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10218.

• Glassmire, A.E., Carson, W.P., Smilanich, A.M., and L.A. Dyer. 2023. Multiple and contrasting pressures determine intraspecific phytochemical variation in a tropical shrub. Oecologia, 201:991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-023-05364-3.

• Rabelo, R.S., Dyer, L.A., Yamaguchi, L.F., Diniz, I., Simbaña, W., Kussano, A.J.M., Kato, M.J., and Massad, T.J. 2023. Plasticity in plant defense and the role of phytochemical dissimilarity in limiting specialist herbivory. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11:1175590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1175590.

• Flores, S., Forister, M.L., Sulbaran, H., Díaz, R., and Dyer, L.A. 2023. Extreme drought disrupts plant phenology: Insights from 35 years of cloud forest data in Venezuela. Ecology, p.e4012. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4012.

• Carrington-Hoekstra, P., Fernandez-Triana, J., Dyer, L.A., and J. Whitfield. 2023. Larissimus nigricans n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a new reared species of a rare neotropical genus recovered through biodiversity inventory in Ecuador. Zookeys, 1156:15–24. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1156.101396.

• Rostami, M., Frontalini, F., Armynot du Châtelet, E., Francescangeli, F., Alves Martins, M.V., De Marco, R., Dinelli, E., Tramontana, M., Dyer, L.A., Abraham, R., Bout-Roumazeilles, V., Delattre, M., Spagnoli, F. 2023. Understanding the Distributions of Benthic Foraminifera in the Adriatic Sea with Gradient Forest and Structural Equation Models. Applied Sciences, 13(2):794. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020794.

• Balmaki, B., Christensen, T., and Dyer, L.A. 2022. Reconstructing Butterfly-Pollen Interaction Networks through Periods of Anthropogenic Drought in the Great Basin (USA) over the Past Century. Anthropocene, p.100325.

• Sudta, C., Salcido, D.M., Forister, M.L., Walla, T., Villamarín-Cortez, S., and Dyer, L.A. 2022. Jack-of-all-trades paradigm meets long-term data: generalist herbivores are more widespread and locally less abundant. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13972.

• Campos-Moreno, D.F., Gates, M.W., Zhang, Y.M., Pérez-Lachaud, G., Dyer, L.A., Whitfield, J.B., and C. Pozo. 2022. Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a new gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis Stoll (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago L. in southern Mexico. Journal of Natural History. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2025940.

• Wagner, D., Fox, R., Salcido, D.M., and L.A. Dyer. 2021. A window to the world of global insect declines: moth biodiversity trends are complex and heterogeneous. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 118 (2): e2002549117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002549117.

• Uckele, K.A., Jahner, J.P., Tepe, E.J., Richards, L.A., Dyer, L.A., Ochsenrider, K.M., Philbin, C.S., Kato, M.J., Yamaguchi, L.F., Forister, M.L., and Smilanich, A.M. 2021. Phytochemistry reflects different evolutionary history in traditional classes versus specialized structural motifs. Scientific Reports, 11:17247. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96431-3.

• Philbin, C.S., Dyer, L.A., Jeffrey, C.S., Glassmire, A.E., and Richards, L.A. 2022. Structural and compositional dimensions of phytochemical diversity in the genus Piper reflect distinct ecological modes of action. Journal of Ecology, 2021:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13691.

• Freire, G.B., Silva, T., Oliveira, H., Collier, C., Rodrigues, H.P., Dias, J.P., Santos, J.P., Marini-Filho, O.J., Freitas, A.V., Smilanich, A.M., and Dyer, L.A. 2021. Good things come in larger packages: size matters for adult fruit-feeding butterfly dispersal and larval diet breadth. Diversity, 13:664. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13120664.

• Salcido, D.M., Sudta, C., and Dyer, L.A. 2022. Plant-caterpillar-parasitoid natural history studies over decades and across large geographic gradients provide insight into specialization, interaction diversity, and global change. Chapter 19 in: Marquis, R.J. and S. Koptur (editors), Caterpillars in the Middle. Springer Nature.

• Serejo Rabelo, R., Dyer, L.A., Lepesqueur, C., Salcido, D.M., da Silva, T.P., Rodrigues, H.P., Trindade, T.P., Diniz, I.R., Rangel Nascimento, A., Tepe, E.J., and T.J. Massad. 2021. Tritrophic interaction diversity in gallery forests—a biologically rich and understudied component of the Brazilian cerrado. Plant-Arthropod Interactions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09856-y.

• Campos-Moreno, D.F., Dyer, L.A., Salcido, D., Massad, T.J., Pérez-Lachaud, G., Tepe, E.J., Whitfield, J.B., and Pozo, C. 2021. Importance of interaction rewiring in determining spatial and temporal turnover of tritrophic (Piper-caterpillar-parasitoid) metanetworks in the Yucatán Peninsula, México. Biotropica, 53:1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12946.

• Rostami, M.A., Frontalini, F., Giordano, P., Alves Martins, M.V., Dyer, L.A., and F. Spagnoli. 2021. Testing the applicability of random forest modeling to examine benthic foraminiferal responses to multiple environmental parameters. Marine Environmental Research, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105502.

• Dyer, L.A., and Jeffrey, C.S. 2021. Chemically mediated multi-trophic interactions. In: Plant-Animal Interactions (pp. 17–38). Springer, Cham.

• Maynard, L., Slinn, H., Glassmire, A., Matarrita-Carranza, B., Dodson, C., Nguyen, T., Burroughs, M., Dyer, L.A., Jeffrey, C., and Whitehead, S. 2020. Secondary metabolites in a neotropical shrub: spatiotemporal allocation and role in fruit defense and dispersal. Ecology, 101: e03192. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3192.

• Parks, K.S., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Fernández-Triana, J., Dyer, L.A., Rodríguez, J.J., Arias-Penna, D.C., and Whitfield, J.B. 2020. A five-gene molecular phylogeny reveals Parapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to be polyphyletic as currently composed. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 150:106859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106859.

• Lumpkin, W.P., Kincade, R., Stirek, and Dyer, L.A. 2020. Macrophyte diversity and complexity reduce larval mosquito abundance. Journal of Medical Entomology, 57:1041–1048.

• Harvey, J.A., Heinen, R., Armbrecht, I., and Dyer, L.A. et al. 2020. International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nature Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8.

• Salcido, D.M., Forister, M.L., Lopez, H.G., and Dyer, L.A. 2020. Loss of dominant caterpillar genera in a protected tropical forest. Scientific Reports, 10:422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57226-9.

• Arias-Penna, D.C., Whitfield, J.B., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Dyer, L.A., Smith, M.A., Hebert, P.D.N., and Fernández-Triana, J.L. 2019. A species-level taxonomic review and host associations of Glyptapanteles (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) with an emphasis on 136 new reared species from Costa Rica and Ecuador. Zookeys, 890:1–685. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.890.35786.

• Loudermilk, E.L., Dell, J.E., Richards, L.A., O'Brien, J.J., Hudak, A.T., Pokswinski, S.M., Bright, B.C., Hiers, J.K., Williams, B.W., and Dyer, L.A. 2019. Simulating groundcover community assembly in a frequently burned ecosystem using a simple neutral model. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10:1107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01107.

• Brown, J.W., Dyer, L.A., Villamarín-Cortez, S., and Salcido, D.M. 2019. New larval host records for Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from an Ecuadorian Andean cloud forest. Insecta Mundi, 0720:1–12.

• Dell, J.E., Salcido, D.M., Richards, L.A., O'Brien, J.J., Loudermilk, E.L., Lumpkin, W., Pokswinski, S.M., and Dyer, L.A. 2019. Interaction diversity maintains resiliency in a frequently disturbed ecosystem. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00145.

• Dyer, L.A., and Forister, M.L. 2018. Challenges and advances in the study of latitudinal gradients in multitrophic interactions, with a focus on consumer specialization. Current Opinion in Insect Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.008.

• Glassmire, A.E., Philbin, C., Richards, L.A., Jeffrey, C.S., Snook, J.S., and Dyer, L.A. 2018. Proximity to canopy mediates changes in the defensive chemistry and herbivore loads of an understory tropical shrub, Piper kelleyi. Ecology Letters, 22:332–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13194.

• Pardikes, N.A., Forister, M.L., and Dyer, L.A. 2018. Preference and performance of Lepidoptera varies with tree age in juniper woodlands. Ecological Entomology, 44:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12682.

• Lepesqueur, C., Scherrer, S., Vieira, M.C., Almeida-Neto, M., Salcido, D.M., Dyer, L.A., and Diniz, I.R. 2018. Changing interactions among persistent species as the major driver of seasonal turnover in plant-caterpillar interactions. PLOS ONE, 13(9):e0203164.

• Dell, J.E., Richards, L.A., O'Brien, J.J., Loudermilk, E.L., Hudak, A.T., Pokswinski, S.M., Bright, B.C., Hiers, J.K., Williams, B.W., and Dyer, L.A. 2018. Maximizing diversity for management activities: Additive partitioning of plant species diversity across a frequently burned ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 432:409–414.

• Dyer, L.A. 2018. Multidimensional diversity associated with plants: a view from a plant–insect interaction ecologist. American Journal of Botany, 105:1–4.

• Pardikes, N.A., Lumpkin, W., Hurtado, P.J., and Dyer, L.A. 2018. Simulated tri-trophic networks reveal complex relationships between species diversity and interaction diversity. PLOS ONE, 13(3):e0193822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193822.

• Richards, L.A., Oliveira, C., Dyer, L.A., Rumbaugh, A., Urbano-Munoz, F., Wallace, I.S., Dodson, C.D., and Jeffrey, C.S. 2018. Shedding light on chemically mediated tri-trophic interactions: A 1 H-NMR network approach to identify compound structural features and associated biological activity. Frontiers in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01155.

• Dyer, L.A., Philbin, C.S., Ochsenrider, K.M., Richards, L.A., Massad, T.J., Smilanich, A.M., Forister, M.L., Parchman, T.L., Galland, L.M., Hurtado, P.J., Espeset, A.E., Dodson, C.D., and Jeffrey, C.S. 2018. Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2:50–64.

• Slinn, H.L., Richards, L.A., Dyer, L.A., Hurtado, P., and Smilanich, A.M. 2018. Across multiple species, phytochemical diversity and herbivore diet breadth have cascading effects on herbivore immunity and parasitism in a tropical model system. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9:656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00656.

• Smilanich, A.M., Langus, T.C., Doan, L., Dyer, L.A., Harrison, J.G., Hsueh, J., and Teglas, M.B. 2018. Host plant-associated enhancement of immunity and survival in virus-infected caterpillars. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 151:102–112.

• Giron, D., Dubreuil, G., Bennet, A., Dedeine, F., Dicke, M., Dyer, L.A., Erb, M., Harris, M.O., Huguet, E., Kaloshian, I., Kawakita, A., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Palmer, T.M., Petanidou, T., Poulsen, M., Sallé, A., Simon, J.C., Terblanche, J.S., Thiéry, D., Whiteman, N., Woods, H.A., Zchori-Fein, E., and Pincebourde, S. 2018. Promises and challenges in insect–plant–microbe interactions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 166:319–343.

• Dyer, L.A. 2018. Book Review: The Phytochemical Landscape: Linking Trophic Interactions and Nutrient Dynamics. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 93:169–170.

• Jahner, J.P., Forister, M.L., Parchman, T.L., Smilanich, A.M., Miller, J.S., Wilson, J.S., Walla, T.R., Tepe, E.J., Richards, L.A., Quijano-Abril, M.A., Glassmire, A.E., and Dyer, L.A. 2017. Host conservatism, geography, and elevation in the evolution of a Neotropical moth radiation. Evolution, 71:2885–2900.

• Dell, J.E., Richards, L.A., O'Brien, J.J., Loudermilk, E.L., Hudak, A.T., Pokswinski, S.M., Bright, B.C., Hiers, J.K., Williams, B.W., and Dyer, L.A. 2017. Overstory-derived surface fuels mediate plant species diversity in frequently burned longleaf pine forests. Ecosphere, 8(10).

• Glassmire, A.E., Jahner, J.P., Badik, K.J., Forister, M.L., Smilanich, A.M., Dyer, L.A., and Wilson, J.S. 2017. The soil mosaic hypothesis: a synthesis of multi-trophic diversification via soil heterogeneity. Ideas in Ecology and Evolution, 10.4033/iee.2017.10.5.n.

• Stireman, J.O. III, Dyer, L.A., and Greeney, H.F. 2017. Specialized generalists? Food web structure of a tropical tachinid-caterpillar community. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 10:367–384.

• Dell, J.E., O’Brien, J.J., Doan, L., Richards, L.A., and Dyer, L.A. 2017. An arthropod survival strategy in a frequently burned forest. Ecology, 98:2972–2974.

• Massad, T.J., Martins de Moraes, M., Philbin, C., Oliveira, C., Cebrian Torrejon, G., Fumiko Yamaguchi, L., Jeffrey, C.S., Dyer, L.A., Richards, L.A., and Kato, M.J. 2017. Similarity in volatile communities leads to increased herbivory and greater tropical forest diversity. Ecology, 98:1750–1756.

• Seltmann, K.C., Cobb, N.S., Gall, L.F., Bartlett, C.R., Basham, M.A., Betancourt, I., Bills, C., Brandt, B., Brown, R.L., Bundy, C., Dyer, L.A., Pardikes, N., et al. 2017. LepNet: The Lepidoptera of North America Network. Zootaxa, 4247:73–77.

• Richards, L.A., Glassmire, A.E., Ochsenrider, K.M., Smilanich, A.M., Dodson, C.D., Jeffrey, C.S., and Dyer, L.A. 2016. Phytochemical diversity and synergistic effects on herbivores. Phytochemistry Reviews, 15:1153–1166.

• Glassmire, A.E., Jeffrey, C.S., Forister, M.L., Parchman, T.L., Nice, C.C., Jahner, J.P., Wilson, J.S., Walla, T.R., Richards, L.A., Smilanich, A.M., Leonard, M.D., Morrison, C.R., Simbaña, W., Salagaje, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Miller, J.S., Tepe, E.J., Villamarín-Cortez, S., and Dyer, L.A. 2016. Intraspecific phytochemical variation shapes community and population structure for specialist caterpillars. New Phytologist, 212:208–219.

• Rodríguez-Castañeda, G., Brehm, G., Fiedler, K., and Dyer, L.A. 2016. Ant predation on herbivores through a multitrophic lens: how effects of ants on plant herbivore defense and natural enemies vary along temperature gradients. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 14:73–80.

• Hansen, A.C., Glassmire, A.E., Dyer, L.A., and Smilanich, A.M. 2017. Patterns in parasitism frequency explained by diet and immunity. Ecography, 40:803–805.

• Smilanich, A.M., Fincher, R.M., and Dyer, L.A. 2016. Does plant-apparency matter? Insights from 30 years of data reveal clear patterns of the effects of plant chemistry on herbivores. New Phytologist, 210:1944–1047.

• Scherrer, S., Lepesqueur, C., Vieira, M.C., Almeida-Neto, M., Salcido, D.M., Dyer, L.A., and Diniz, I.R. 2016. Seasonal variation in host plant specialization by folivorous lepidopterans: contrasting patterns at the species and community levels. Biotropica, 48:491–498.

• Dyer, L.A., and Forister, M.L. 2016. Wherefore and whither the modeler: understanding the population dynamics of monarchs will require integrative and quantitative techniques. Annals of the Entomological Society of America.

• Dyer, L.A., and Forister, M.L. 2015. The Lives of Lepidopterists. Springer.

• Richards, L.A., Richards, L.A., Philbin, C., Yamaguchi, L.F., Jeffrey, C.S., Oliveira, C., Ochsenrider, K., de Moraes, M., Tepe, E.J., Cebrian Torrejon, G., Sandivo, M., and Dyer, L.A. 2015. The chemical ecology of tropical forest diversity: Environmental variation, chemical similarity, herbivory, and richness. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3762.

• Wagner, D., Salcido, D.M., Dyer, L.A., and Walla, T.R. 2014. Novel insights into tritrophic interaction diversity and chemical ecology using 16 years of volunteer-supported research. American Entomologist, 58:15–19.

• Forister, M.L., Singer, M.S., Stireman, J.O., and Dyer, L.A. 2014. Progress and perspectives in the study of ecological specialization, with emphasis on insect-plant interactions. Ecology, 93:981–991.

• Greeney, H.F., Dyer, L.A., Pyrcz, T.W., et al. 2014. First description of the early stage biology of the genus Mygona: The natural history of the saturnid butterfly, Mygona irmina, in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Insect Science, 11:5.

• Rodriguez-Castaneda, G., Forkner, R.E., Tepe, E.J., Gentry, G.L., and Dyer, L.A. 2011. Weighing defensive and nutritive roles of ant mutualists across a tropical altitudinal gradient. Biotropica, 43:343–350.

• Smilanich, A.M., J. Vargas, L.A. Dyer, and M.D. Bowers. 2011. Effects of ingested secondary metabolites on the immune response of a polyphagous caterpillar (Grammia incorrupta, Arctiidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37:239–245.

• Dyer, L.A., Letourneau, D.K., Vega, G., and Salazar, D. 2010. Herbivores on a dominant understory shrub increase local plant diversity in rainforest communities. Ecology, 91:3707–3718.

• Rodriguez-Castaneda, G., Dyer, L.A., Brehm, G., Connahs, H., Forkner, R.E., and Walla, T.R. 2010. Tropical forests are not flat: how mountains affect herbivore diversity. Ecology Letters, 13:1348–1357.

• Lampert, E.C., Dyer, L.A., and M.D. Bowers. 2010. Caterpillar chemical defense and parasitoid success: Cotesia congregata parasitism of Ceratomia catalpa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36:992–998.

• Richards, L., Dyer, L.A., Smilanich, A.M., and Dodson, C.D. 2010. Synergistic effects of amides from two Piper species on generalist and specialist herbivores. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36:1105–1113.

Massad, T.J., and Dyer, L.A. 2010. A meta-analysis of the effects of global environmental change on plant-herbivore interactions. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 4:181–188.

• Massad, T.J., Chambers, J.Q., Rolim, S.G., Renato, M.J., and Dyer, L.A. 2010. Restoration of pasture to forest in Brazil’s Mata Atlântica: The roles of herbivory, seedling defenses, and plot design in reforestation. Restoration Ecology, 19:257–267.

• Greeney, H.F., Pyrcz, T.W., Dyer, L.A., Sánchez, M.Z., and Walla, T.R. 2010. The early stages and natural history of Corades medeba Hewitson, 1850 in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20:8–13.

• Greeney, H.F., Dyer, L.A., DeVries, P.J., Walla, T.R., Salazar Vega, L., Simbaña, W., and Salagaje, L. 2010. Early stages and natural history of Perisama oppelii (Latreille, 1811) (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) in Eastern Ecuador. Kempffiana, 6:16–30.

• Dyer, L.A., Walla, T.R., Greeney, H.F., Stireman, J.O., and Hazen, R.F. 2010. Diversity of interactions: A metric for studies of biodiversity. Biotropica, 42:281–289.

• Smilanich, A.M., Dyer, L.A., Bowers, M.D., and Chambers, J.Q. 2009. Immunological costs to specialization and the evolution of insect diet breadth. Ecology Letters, 12:612–621.

• Smilanich, A.M., Dyer, L.A., and Gentry, G.L. 2009. The insect immune response and other putative defenses as effective predictors of parasitism. Ecology, 90:1434–1440.

• Carlson, J.C., Dyer, L.A., Omlin, F.X., and Beier, J.C. 2009. Diversity cascades and malaria vectors. Journal of Medical Entomology, 46:460–464.

• Miller, J.S., and Dyer, L.A. 2009. Special feature: Diversity of insect-plant interactions in the eastern Andes of Ecuador. Journal of Insect Science, 9:26.

• Stireman, J.O., Greeney, H.F., and Dyer, L.A. 2009. Species richness and host associations of Lepidoptera-attacking Tachinidae in the northeast Ecuadorian Andes. Journal of Insect Science, 9:39.

• Tepe, E.J., Kelley, W.A., Rodríguez-Castañeda, G., and Dyer, L.A. 2009. Characterizing the cauline domatia of two newly discovered Ecuadorian ant-plants in Piper: An example of convergent evolution. Journal of Insect Science, 9:27.

• Connahs, H., Rodríguez-Castañeda, G., Walters, T., Walla, T.R., and Dyer, L.A. 2009. Geographical variation in host specificity and parasitoid pressure of an herbivore (Geometridae) associated with the tropical genus Piper. Journal of Insect Science, 9:28.

• Greeney, H.F., Pyrcz, T.W., Hualingua, M.R., DeVries, P.J., and Dyer, L.A. 2009. The early stages of Pedaliodes poesia (Hewitson, 1862) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae, Pronophilina). Journal of Insect Science, 9:38.

• Greeney, H.F., DeVries, P.J., Penz, C.M., Granizo-T, R.B., Connahs, H., Stireman, J.O., Walla, T.R., and Dyer, L.A. 2009. The early stages and natural history of Antirrhea adoptiva porphyrosticta (Watkins, 1928) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae). Journal of Insect Science, 9:26.

• Grinter, C.C., Whitfield, J.B., Connahs, H., Dyer, L.A., Hallwachs, W., and Janzen, D.H. 2009. Review of Neotropical Distatrix Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with descriptions of six new reared species. Journal of Insect Science, 9:29.

• Pearson, C.V., Massad, T.J., and Dyer, L.A. 2008. Diversity cascades in alfalfa fields: From plant quality to agroecosystem diversity. Environmental Entomology, 37:947–955.

• Fincher, R.M., Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Richards, J.L., Tobler, M.A., Searcy, J., Mather, J.E., Reid, A.J., Rolig, J.S., and Pidcock, W. 2008. Inter- and intraspecific comparisons of antiherbivore defenses in three species of rainforest understory shrubs. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34:558–574.

• Dyer, L.A. 2008. The ecology of tri-trophic interactions in the tropics. Pages 275–293 in: Carson, W.P., and Schnitzer, S.A. (editors). Tropical Forest Community Ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

• Dyer, L.A., Singer, M.S., Lill, J.T., Stireman, J.O., Gentry, G.L., Marquis, R.J., Ricklefs, R.E., Greeney, H.F., Wagner, D.L., Morais, H.C., Diniz, I.R., Kursar, T.A., and Coley, P.D. 2007. Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests. Nature, 448:696–699.

• Dyer, L.A., and Letourneau, D.K. 2007. Determinants of lichen diversity in a rainforest understory. Biotropica, 39:525–539.

• Dyer, L.A. 2007. Large-scale gradients in tri-trophic interactions. Tropinet, 18:1–3.

• Dyer, L.A., and Forkner, R.E. 2007. Why are agroecosystems green? Ecology, 88:1606–1607.

• Armstrong, M., Berkowitz, A.R., Dyer, L.A., and Taylor, J. 2007. Understanding why students underrepresented in ecology pursue ecology careers: A preliminary case study of 39 African American students. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5:415–420.

• Dyer, L.A. 2008. Do not go gentle into that tropical night. Chapter 6 in: Adams, R.A. (ed.). Into the Night: Tales of Nocturnal Wildlife Expeditions. University Press of Colorado.

• Pearson, C.V., and Dyer, L.A. 2006. Trophic diversity in two grassland ecosystems. Journal of Insect Science, 6:23.

• Stireman, J.O. III, Dyer, L.A., Janzen, D.H., Singer, M.S., Lill, J.T., Marquis, R.J., Ricklefs, R.E., Gentry, G.L., Hallwachs, W., Coley, P.D., Barone, J.A., Greeney, H.F., Connahs, H., Barbosa, P., Morais, H.C., and Diniz, I.R. 2005. Climatic unpredictability and caterpillar parasitism: Implications of global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102:17384–17387.

• Dyer, L.A., Matlock, R.M., Cherzad, D., and O’Malley, R. 2005. Predicting successful biological control in banana plantations. Environmental Entomology, 34:403–409.

• Stireman, J.O. III, Dyer, L.A., and Matlock, R.M. 2005. Top-down forces in managed versus unmanaged habitats. Pages 303–323 in: Barbosa, P., and Castellanos, I. (eds.). Ecology of Predator-Prey Interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

• Letourneau, D.K., and Dyer, L.A. 2005. Multi-trophic interactions and biodiversity: Beetles, ants, caterpillars, and plants. Pages 366–385 in: Burslem, D.F.R.P., Pinard, M.A., and Hartley, S.E. (eds.). Biotic Interactions in the Tropics: Their Role in the Maintenance of Species Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

• Irschick, D., Dyer, L.A., and Sherry, T. 2005. Phylogenetic methods for studying specialization. Oikos, 110:404–408.

• Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Letourneau, D.K., Tobler, M.A., Hsu, A., and Stireman, J.O. III. 2004. Ecological causes and consequences of variation in defensive chemistry of a neotropical shrub. Ecology, 85:2795–2803.

• Letourneau, D.K., Dyer, L.A., and Vega, G. 2004. Indirect effects of top predators on a rainforest understory plant community. Ecology, 85:2144–2152.

• Dyer, L.A., and Palmer, A.N. 2004. Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

• Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., and Richards, J. 2004. Isolation, synthesis, and evolutionary ecology of Piper amides. Pages 117–139 in: Dyer, L.A., and Palmer, A.N. (eds.). Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

• Dyer, L.A., Gentry, G., and Tobler, M. 2004. Fitness consequences of herbivory: Impacts on asexual reproduction of tropical rainforest understory plants. Biotropica, 36:68–73.

• Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., and Gentry, G. 2003. A bioassay for insect deterrent compounds found in plant and animal tissues. Phytochemical Analysis, 14:381–388.

• Dyer, L.A., and Stireman, J.O. III. 2003. Community-wide trophic cascades and other indirect interactions in an agricultural community. Basic and Applied Ecology, 4:423–432.

• Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Stireman, J.O., Tobler, M.A., Smilanich, A.M., Fincher, R.M., and Letourneau, D.K. 2003. Synergistic effects of three Piper amides on generalist and specialist herbivores. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29:2499–2514.

• Dyer, L.A., and Letourneau, D.K. 2003. Top-down and bottom-up diversity cascades in detrital versus living food webs. Ecology Letters, 6:60–68.

• Gentry, G.L., and Dyer, L.A. 2002. On the conditional nature of neotropical caterpillar defenses against their natural enemies. Ecology, 83:3108–3119.

• Dyer, L.A. 2002. Jungle phobias. Earthwatch, 21:10–11.

• Dyer, L.A. 2002. A quantification of predation rates, indirect positive effects on plants, and foraging variation of the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. Journal of Insect Science, 2.18:1–7.

• Dyer, L.A., and Gentry, G.L. 2002. Caterpillars and parasitoids of a tropical lowland wet forest. https://www.caterpillars.org.

• Dyer, L.A., and Bishop, N. 2001. In defense of caterpillars. Natural History, 110:42–47.

• Dyer, L.A., and Coley, P.D. 2001. Latitudinal gradients in tri-trophic interactions. Pages 67–88 in: Tscharntke, T., and Hawkins, B.A. (eds.). Multitrophic Level Interactions. Cambridge University Press.

• Dyer, L.A., Dodson, C.D., Beihoffer, J., and Letourneau, D.K. 2001. Trade-offs in anti-herbivore defenses in Piper cenocladum: Ant mutualists versus plant secondary metabolites. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27:581–592.

• Dodson, C.D., Dyer, L.A., Searcy, J., Wright, Z., and Letourneau, D.K. 2000. Cenocladamide, a dihydropyridone alkaloid from Piper cenocladum. Phytochemistry, 53:51–54.

• Dyer, L.A., Williams, W., Dodson, C., and Letourneau, D.K. 2000. A commensalism between Piper marginatum Jacq. (Piperaceae) and a coccinellid beetle. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15:841–846.

• Dyer, L.A. 2000. Cybernetic insect outbreaks. Ecology, 81:3262–3263.

• Dyer, L.A., and Letourneau, D.K. 1999. Trophic cascades in a complex, terrestrial community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 96:5072–5076.

• Dyer, L.A., and Letourneau, D.K. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia, 119:265–274.

• Dyer, L.A., and Gentry, G. 1999. Larval defensive mechanisms as predictors of successful biological control. Ecological Applications, 9:402–408.

• Letourneau, D.K., and Dyer, L.A. 1998. Density patterns of Piper ant-plants and associated arthropods: Top predator cascades in a terrestrial system? Biotropica, 30:162–169.

• Letourneau, D.K., and Dyer, L.A. 1998. Experimental manipulations in lowland tropical forest demonstrate top-down cascades through four trophic levels. Ecology, 79:1678–1687.

• Dyer, L.A. 1997. Effectiveness of caterpillar defenses against three species of invertebrate predators. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 34:48–68.

• Dyer, L.A., and Bowers, M.D. 1996. The importance of sequestered iridoid glycosides as a defense against an ant predator. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22:1527–1539.

• Folgarait, P.J., Dyer, L.A., Marquis, R.J., and Braker, H.E. 1996. Leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes) preferences for five native tropical plantation tree species growing under different light conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 80:521–531.

• Dyer, L.A. 1995. Tasty generalists and nasty specialists? A comparative study of antipredator mechanisms in tropical lepidopteran larvae. Ecology, 76:1483–1496.

• De la Fuente, M.A., Dyer, L.A., and Bowers, M.D. 1994. The iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator Camponotus floridanus (Formicidae). Chemoecology, 5/6:13–18.

• Dyer, L.A., and Floyd, T. 1993. Determinants of predation on phytophagous insects: The importance of diet breadth. Oecologia, 96:575–582.

External Links

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