The Ambiani (Gaulish: Ambiāni, 'those around') were a Belgic coastal tribe dwelling in the modern Picardy region during the Iron Age and Roman periods.
They settled in the region between the 4th century and the second part of the 2nd century BC. In 113–101 BC, they took part in the fights against the Cimbri and Teutoni invaders during the Cimbrian War. In 57 and 52 BC, they participated in Gallic coalitions against Caesar, before their eventual subjugation by Rome in 51 BC. The Ambiani are known for their gold coinage, found in both northern France and Britain, which attest of extensive trading relations across the Channel.[1][2]
Name
editThey are mentioned as Ambianos and Ambianis by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[3] Ambianos in the summary of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita Libri (late 1st c. BC),[4] Ambianoì (Ἀμβιανοὶ) and Ambianoĩs (Ἀμβιανοῖς) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[5] Ambiani by Pliny (1st c. AD),[6] Ambianoí (Ἀμβιανοί) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),[7] Ambianis in the Itinerarium Antonini (early 3rd c. AD),[8] and as Ambianenses in the Notitia Dignitatum (5th c. AD).[9][10]
The Gaulish ethnonym Ambiāni literally means 'those around', which is generally interpreted as meaning 'the people dwelling around the two banks of the Somme river'; it is formed with the stem ambi- ('around, on both sides') attached to a suffix -ani.[11][12] Linguist Pierre-Yves Lambert has also proposed to translate the name as 'the people of the surroundings' – perhaps hyperbolized as 'the people of the world' –, by deriving Ambiani from ambio- ('surroundings'), a thematized form of the same prefix ambi-.[13]
The city of Amiens, attested ca. 400 AD as civitas Ambianensium ('civitas of the Ambiani'; Ammiens in 1142), is named after the Belgic tribe.[14]
Geography
editTerritory
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The Ambiani dwelled in the modern regions of Vimeux, Ponthieu and Santerre, in the present-day Somme department. Their territory was bordered in the north by the Canche river, and in the north-east and south-east by the Samara (Somme) watershed.[15][2] They were located near the Caletes in the west, the Bellovaci in the south, the Morini and Atrebates in the north, and the Viromandui in the east.[16] The smaller Catuslougi, who lived between them and the Caletes, were probably a pagus of the Ambiani during the Roman period.[2]
During the pre-Roman period, the area around Samarobriva (Amiens) was probably located at the extremity of the Ambianian territory, which extended mainly on the lower Somme valley.[17]
Settlements
editDuring the Roman era, the chief town of the Ambiani was known as Samarobriva (Gaulish: 'bridge on the river Somme'), corresponding to the modern-day city of Amiens.[18][10] Despite the mention of a Samarobrivae by Caesar ca. 54 BC, archeological evidence indicate that the settlement was built around a Via Agrippa, probably ca. 19–16 BC.[19] Suburbs began to emerge from the middle of the 1st century AD in the lower valley.[17]
History
edit
The Ambiani settled in their attested homeland between the 4th century and the middle of the 2nd century BC.[20] In 113–101 BC, they participated in the fights against the Cimbri and Teutoni invaders of Gauls during the Cimbrian War.[21][20]
During the Gallic Wars in 57 BC, Caesar learnt from his Belgic Remi informants that the Ambiani had promised to muster 10,000 armed men against the Roman armies, among the lowest.[22][1]
An equal number were promised by the Nervii, accounted the fiercest among the Belgae, and dwelling farthest away; fifteen thousand by the Atrebates, ten by the Ambiani...
— Caesar 1917. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 2:4.
During the winter of 54–53 BC, returning from an expedition in Britain, Caesar wintered with three legions at Samarobriva.[23] When Vercingetorix was besieged in Alesia in 52 BC, the Ambiani sent 5,000 men.[24][1]
Between 386 and 450 AD, they are still documented by the Notitia Galliarum as living in the province of Belgica II, between the Bellovaci and the Morini.[25]
Religion
editThere is some evidence from coins that bear a stag on one side and a betorced head on the obverse that the Ambiani were followers of the god Cernunnos (horned God).[26]
Economy
editThe Ambiani were consummate minters, especially of gold coins. Whereas other Gallic tribes generally imitated Arverni coins, themselves inspired by Philip II of Macedon staters, the Ambiani imitated coinages from Magna Graecia, in the southern part of the Italian Peninsula.[27] Their first emissions of coins are thus copies of a stater minted by Taranto between 334 and 302 BC.[27][28]
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-
Ambiani gold stater. Celticised horse. -
Ambiani gold stater. Stylized head. -
Ambiani gold stater. Stylized horse.
Ambianic coinage has been found throughout the territories of other Belgic tribes, including in the British Island, from Cantium (Kent) to the West Country.[29][26] An Ambianic "monetary hegemony" over the neighbouring Parisii and Bellovaci is attested at least until the end of the 2nd century BC.[27]
References
edit- ^ a b c Kruta 2000, p. 408.
- ^ a b c Schön 2006.
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 2:4, 2:15, 7:75, 8:7.
- ^ Livius. Periochae, 104.
- ^ Strabo 1923. Geōgraphiká, 4:3:5, 4:6:11.
- ^ Pliny 1938. Naturalis Historia, 4:17.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:9:4.
- ^ Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, 362:4.
- ^ Notitia Dignitatum, or 6:36, oc 9:39.
- ^ a b Falileyev 2010, s.v. Ambiani, Samarobriva Ambianorum, and Augusta Ambianorum.
- ^ Wightman 1985, p. 26; Kruta 2000, p. 408; Busse 2006, p. 198
- ^ Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-967776-4.
- ^ Lambert 1995, pp. 116–117.
- ^ Nègre 1990, p. 151.
- ^ Wightman 1985, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Talbert 2000, Map 11: Sequana-Rhenus.
- ^ a b Bayard 2015, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Delamarre 2003, pp. 41, 89.
- ^ Bayard 2015, pp. 151–152.
- ^ a b Bayard & Massy 1983, p. 13.
- ^ Caesar 1917. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 2:4.
- ^ Caesar 1917. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 2:4, 2:15
- ^ Bayard 2015, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Caesar 1917, Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 7:75–77.
- ^ Bayard & Massy 1983, p. 16.
- ^ a b Penhallurick, R. D. (2010). Ancient and Early Medieval Coins from Cornwall & Scilly. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-901405-49-4.
- ^ a b c Bayard & Massy 1983, p. 14.
- ^ Kruta 2000, p. 110.
- ^ Kruta 2000, p. 515.
Primary sources
edit- Ammianus Marcellinus (1950). History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, J. C. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99331-0.
- Caesar (1917). The Gallic War. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Edwards, H. J. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99080-7.
- Livy (1959). History of Rome. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Schlesinger, Alfred C. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99445-4.
- Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674993648.
- Strabo (1923). Geography. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, Horace L. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674990562.
Bibliography
edit- Bayard, Didier; Massy, Jean-Luc (1983). "Amiens romain. Samarobriva et la cité des Ambiani". Revue archéologique de Picardie. 2 (1): 13–28. ISSN 1272-6117.
- Bayard, Didier (2015). "Amiens/Samarobriva, cité des Ambiens: Aux origines de la ville romaine". Gallia. 72 (1): 145–160. doi:10.4000/gallia.1467. hdl:20.500.12210/42121. ISSN 0016-4119. JSTOR 44744312.
- Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Kruta, Venceslas (2000). Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-05690-6.
- Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1995). "Préverbes gaulois suffixés en -io- : ambio-, ario-, cantio-". Études celtiques. 31 (1): 115–121. doi:10.3406/ecelt.1995.2065.
- Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
- Schön, Franz (2006). "Ambiani". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e117460.
- Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.
- Wightman, Edith M. (1985). Gallia Belgica. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05297-0.