The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (FCT) is a twenty-year strategic treaty between China and Russia. The treaty was signed by Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 July 2001, and it came into force on 28 February 2002.
| Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation | |
|---|---|
 Jiang Zemin and Vladimir Putin after signing the treaty | |
| Type | Treaty of friendship |
| Signed | 16 July 2001 |
| Location | Moscow, Russia |
| Effective | 28 February 2002 |
| Signatories |
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| Parties | |
| Languages | |
| Full text | |
 zh:中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦睦邻友好合作条约 at Wikisource | |
| 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship | |||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中俄睦邻友好合作条约 | ||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中俄睦鄰友好合作條約 | ||||||||||||
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| Russian name | |||||||||||||
| Russian | Договор о Добрососедстве Дружбе и Сотрудничестве Между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой | ||||||||||||
History
editThe treaty was signed by Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 July 2001 in Moscow.[1] The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China approved the treaty on 27 October 2001.[2] It was also ratified by Russia's State Duma on 26 December 2001, the Federation Council on 16 January 2002, and by President Vladimir Putin on 25 January 2002.[3] On 28 February 2002, Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister Liu Guchang and Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Losyukov exchanged instruments of force in Beijing, formally bringing the treaty into force.[4]
On 28 June 2021, Russia and China extended the treaty for another 5 years after its expiration in February 2022.[5]
Overview
editThe treaty outlines the broad strokes which are to serve as a basis for peaceful relations, economic cooperation, as well as diplomatic and geopolitical reliance.
Article 9 of the treaty can be seen as an implicit defense pact similar to NATO's Article 5. Article 9 states "When a situation arises in which one of the contracting parties deems that peace is being threatened and undermined or its security interests are involved or when it is confronted with the threat of aggression, the contracting parties shall immediately hold contacts and consultations in order to eliminate such threats."[6]
Other articles (A7 and A16) point at increasing military cooperation, including the sharing of "military know-how" (A16), namely, Chinese access to Russian military technology.
The treaty also encompasses a mutual, cooperative approach to environmental technology regulations and energy conservation; and toward international finance and trade. The document affirms Russia's stand on Taiwan as "an inalienable part of China" (A5), and highlights the commitment to ensure the "national unity and territorial integrity" in the two countries (A4). The treaty includes a no first use clause for the two nations against each other.
According to Paul Stronski and Nicole Ng of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "the greatest threat to the West of the Sino-Russian partnership emanates from their efforts to adjust the international system to their advantage".[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Insight on the News: China and Russia Align Against U.S - sign Sino-Russian Friendship Treaty; United States". Archived from the original on 2006-05-13. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
- ^ "全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准《中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦睦邻友好合作条约》的决定" [The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the ratification of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation]. State Council of the People's Republic of China. 27 October 2001. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Федеральный закон от 25.01.2002 N 9-ФЗ "О ратификации Договора о добрососедстве, дружбе и сотрудничестве между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой"" [Federal Law dated 25.01.2002 N 9-FZ "On Ratification of the Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Chinese People's Republic"]. Law, Code and Regulatory Acts of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "中俄互换批准书 《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》正式生效" [China and Russia exchanged instruments of ratification and the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation officially came into effect]. Sina Corporation. 28 February 2002. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Russia, China extend friendship and cooperation treaty -Kremlin". Reuters. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ Stronski, Paul; Ng, Nicole (2018-02-28). "Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
External links
edit- Text of the Treaty — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China