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The multics system: an examination of its structureJanuary 1972
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Abstract
This volume provides an overview of the Multics system developed at M.I.T.--a time-shared, general purpose utility like system with third-generation software. The advantage that this new system has over its predecessors lies in its expanded capacity to manipulate and file information on several levels and to police and control access to data in its various files. On the invitation of M.I.T.'s Project MAC, Elliott Organick developed over a period of years an explanation of the workings, concepts, and mechanisms of the Multics system. This book is a result of that effort, and is approved by the Computer Systems Research Group of Project MAC.
In keeping with his reputation as a writer able to explain technical ideas in the computer field clearly and precisely, the author develops an exceptionally lucid description of the Multics system, particularly in the area of "how it works." His stated purpose is to serve the expected needs of designers, and to help them "to gain confidence that they are really able to exploit the system fully, as they design increasingly larger programs and subsystems."
The chapter sequence was planned to build an understanding of increasingly larger entities. From segments and the addressing of segments, the discussion extends to ways in which procedure segments may link dynamically to one another and to data segments. Subsequent chapters are devoted to how Multics provides for the solution of problems, the file system organization and services, and the segment management functions of the Multics file system and how the user may employ these facilities to advantage. Ultimately, the author builds a picture of the life of a process in coexistence with other processes, and suggests ways to model or construct subsystems that are far more complex than could be implemented using predecessor computer facilities.
This volume is intended for the moderately well informed computer user accustomed to predecessor systems and familiar with some of the Multics overview literature. While not intended as a definitive work on this living, ever-changing system, the book nevertheless reflects Multics as it has been first implemented, and should reveal its flavor, structure and power for some time to come.
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Chapters
- M.I.T., Project MAC, "The Multiplexed Information and Computing Service: Programmers' Manual," Revision 7, April 5, 1971. Also called "Multics Programmers' Manual" or MPM. An updated reference manual giving calling sequences and reference information for all user callable subroutines and commands. Includes an introduction to the Multics programming environment and a guide to typical ways of using the system. approx. 800 pages.Google Scholar
- R. A. Freiburghouse, A User's Guide to the Multics FORTRAN Implementation (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Information Systems Laboratory, General Electric Co., 1969). Subsequent printings will be issued by Honeywell. A document that provides the prospective Multics FORTRAN user with sufficient information to enable him to create and execute FORTRAN programs on Multics. It contains a complete definition of the Multics FORTRAN language as well as a description of the FORTRAN command and error messages. It also describes how to communicate with non-FORTRAN programs and discusses some of the fundamental characteristics of Multics that affect the FORTRAN user. 68 pages.Google Scholar
- The Multics PL/I Language Specification (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Information Systems Laboratory, General Electric Co., n.d.). Subsequent printings will be issued by Honeywell. A reference manual that specifies precisely the subset of the PL/I language used on Multics. [It is a reprint of the appropriate sections of PL/I Language Specifications, IBM Reference Manual, Form Y33-6003-0 (Armonk, N.Y.: International Business Machines Corp., 1968).] 174 pages.Google Scholar
- R. A. Freiburghouse, J. D. Mills, and B. L. Wolman, A User's Guide to the Multics PL/I Implementation (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Information Systems Laboratory, General Electric Co., 1969). Subsequent printings will be issued by Honeywell. Provides detailed information about how the PL/I language is embedded in the Multics programming environment. 53 pages. B. Manuals That May Be Examined in the Project MAC or Information Processing Center Document Rooms at M.I.T.Google Scholar
- "Multics System-Programmers' Manual." Also called MSPM. In principle, a complete reference manual describing how the system works inside. In fact, this document contains many sections that are inconsistent, inaccurate, or obsolete; it is in need of much upgrading. However, its overview sections are generally accurate and valuable if insight into the internal organization is desired. approx. 3,500 pages.Google Scholar
- M.I.T., Project MAC, "The Multics Programmers' Manual: System Programmers' Supplement," Revision 25, July 2, 1971. This updatable reference manual, in the same format as the "Multics Programmers' Manual," provides calling sequences of every system module. 850 pages.Google Scholar
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- Denning P (1976). Fault Tolerant Operating Systems, ACM Computing Surveys, 8:4, (359-389), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1976.
- Donovan J (1976). Tools and philosophy for software education, Communications of the ACM, 19:8, (430-436), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1976.
- Denning D (1976). A lattice model of secure information flow, Communications of the ACM, 19:5, (236-243), Online publication date: 1-May-1976.
- Goodenough J (1975). Exception handling, Communications of the ACM, 18:12, (683-696), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1975.
- Jones A and Lipton R The enforcement of security policies for computation Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, (197-206)
- Lipner S A comment on the confinement problem Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, (192-196)
- Arden B and Berenbaum A A multi-microprocessor computer system architecture Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, (114-121)
- Janson P Dynamic linking and environment initialization in a multi-domain process. Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, (43-50)
- Jones A and Lipton R (1975). The enforcement of security policies for computation, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 9:5, (197-206), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1975.
- Lipner S (1975). A comment on the confinement problem, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 9:5, (192-196), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1975.
- Arden B and Berenbaum A (1975). A multi-microprocessor computer system architecture, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 9:5, (114-121), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1975.
- Janson P (1975). Dynamic linking and environment initialization in a multi-domain process., ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 9:5, (43-50), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1975.
- Peebles R and Manning E A computer architecture for large (distributed) data bases Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, (405-427)
- Bernstein A and Siegel P (1975). A Computer Architecture for Level Structured Systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 24:8, (785-793), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1975.
- Goodenough J (1975). Exception handling design issues, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 10:7, (41-45), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1975.
- Walter K, Schaen S, Ogden W, Rounds W, Shumway D, Schaeffer D, Biba K, Bradshaw F, Ames S and Gilligan J (1975). Structured specification of a Security Kernel, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 10:6, (285-293), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1975.
- Robinson L, Levitt K, Neumann P and Saxena A (1975). On attaining reliable software for a secure operating system, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 10:6, (267-284), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1975.
- Kimbleton S A heuristic approach to computer systems performance improvement, I Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition, (839-846)
- Linde R Operating system penetration Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition, (361-368)
- Thomas R JSYS traps Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition, (351-360)
- Cook T A data base management system design philosophy Proceedings of the 1975 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, (15-22)
- Walter K, Schaen S, Ogden W, Rounds W, Shumway D, Schaeffer D, Biba K, Bradshaw F, Ames S and Gilligan J Structured specification of a Security Kernel Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software, (285-293)
- Robinson L, Levitt K, Neumann P and Saxena A On attaining reliable software for a secure operating system Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software, (267-284)
- Hayashi T A new approach to construction of computer systems Proceedings of the 1975 annual conference, (19-23)
- Goodenough J Structured exception handling Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages, (204-224)
- Fabry R (1974). Capability-based addressing, Communications of the ACM, 17:7, (403-412), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1974.
- Saltzer J (1974). Protection and the control of information sharing in multics, Communications of the ACM, 17:7, (388-402), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1974.
- Spier M, Hastings T and Cutler D (1973). An experimental implementation of the kernel/domain architecture, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 7:4, (8-21), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1973.
- Hansen P (1973). Operating system principles, 10.5555/540365, Online publication date: 1-Jan-1973.
- Spier M, Hastings T and Cutler D An experimental implementation of the kernel/domain architecture Proceedings of the fourth ACM symposium on Operating system principles, (8-21)
- Wolman B Debugging PL/I programs in the multics environment Proceedings of the December 5-7, 1972, fall joint computer conference, part I, (507-514)
- Corbató F, Saltzer J and Clingen C Multics Proceedings of the May 16-18, 1972, spring joint computer conference, (571-583)
Index Terms
- The multics system: an examination of its structure
Recommendations
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AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I): Proceedings of the November 30--December 1, 1965, fall joint computer conference, part IMultics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is a comprehensive, general-purpose programming system which is being developed as a research project. The initial Multics system will be implemented on the GE 645 computer. One of the overall ...
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