Papers by Michel Kazanski
нтичная древность и средние века. Т. 52, 2024
COSTUME OF THE POPULATION OF THE CIMMERIAN
BOSPOROS IN THE HUNNIC PERIOD
The purpose of this work... more COSTUME OF THE POPULATION OF THE CIMMERIAN
BOSPOROS IN THE HUNNIC PERIOD
The purpose of this work is to determine the main features and characteristics of the costume of the sedentary population of the Cimmerian Bosporos in the Hunnic Period (last third of the fourth to mid-fifth century). The elements of men’s costume comprise mostly of metal parts of belt sets and shoes. Women’s costume from the period features several traditions: Pontic, Germanic, and Ponto- Germanic. The Pontic tradition is typical of the presence of elements of women’s attire (earrings,
necklaces, bracelets, metal appliques) with the absence of brooches, usual for the Germans. The costume of the Germanic tradition shows two paired brooches placed on the shoulders or in the pectoral area. The Ponto- Germanic costume includes both Germanic brooches and the elements of the Pontic costume. The main artifacts determining the specificity of the costume of the Cimmerian Bosporos from the
Hunnic Period are some types of belt and shoe sets, brooches featuring the local tradition, metal appliques, metal wide-opening beads, necklaces with cone-shaped and lunular pendants, crescent- shaped or three- partite earrings, metal mirrors with a central loop, and bracelets with zoomorphic endings. The Bosporan costume from the Hunnic Period also contains other elements, which distribution area covers vast territories, so they cannot be considered typically Bosporan. Among these there
are fly brooches, earrings with a multifaceted pendant on one ending, bracelets with widened ends, buckles with elongated tongues, and so on. Simultaneously, the artefacts typical of the Pontic / Bosporan costume also widely distributed in Europe during the Hunnic Period. All these factors supplied the Bosporan costume from the Great Migration Period with fully international character, typical of the sedentary population both on the territory of the Roman Empire and in the adjacent regions of the Barbaricum.
От ранних славян до Руси. Тезисы докладов научной конференции к 100-летию со дня рождения Валентина Васильевича Седова / Отв. ред. Н. В. Лопатин, В. Е. Родинкова. Москва: ИА РАН,, 2024
В сборник включены тезисы докладов, подготовленных к научной конференции «От ранних славян до Рус... more В сборник включены тезисы докладов, подготовленных к научной конференции «От ранних славян до Руси», посвященной 100-летней годовщине со дня рождения выдающегося археолога, действительного члена Российской академии наук, доктора исторических наук, профессора Валентина Васильевича Седова. Тематика статей охватывает широкий круг интересов В.В. Седова-от ранних этапов истории славян и их соседей до становления древнерусского города и от проблем музеефикации и сохранения археологического наследия до палеоантропологических исследований. УДК 902/904 ББК 63.4
Stratum plus N° 5, 2024
Goths of the Dori Country in the South-Western Crimea (6th—7th centuries). “Middle Class” by Fune... more Goths of the Dori Country in the South-Western Crimea (6th—7th centuries). “Middle Class” by Funerary Sites
The issues of social stratification of the Goths of the Dori country (South-Western Crimea) are studied based on the
burials of the 6th — 7th centuries (cemeteries of the Suuk-Su type). To correctly assess the possibility of stratification of
graves for the 6th — 7th centuries in the South-Western Crimea, data are drawn from comparable barbarian societies in
Central and Western Europe (Middle Danube, Ostrogothic Italy, Merovingian Gaul, Visigothic Spain), as well as the North-
Eastern Black Sea region (Dyurso burial ground, belonging to the Goths-Tetraxites). For the Goths of the South — Western
Crimea, burials with prestigious items or special architecture or burial structures are lacking. The bulk of the burials here
belong to the “middle class” and are characterized by stable types of burial structures and a rather monotonous set of
things in the graves. First, these are quite massive pieces of jewelry made of relatively inexpensive metals (silver and bronze).
These features are typical of the bulk of the graves of the early Middle Ages in Central and Western Europe. The absence of
privileged graves among the Goths of the Dori country in the 6th — 7th centuries can be explained both by the level of research
and by the peculiarities of the social structure of this population, which were also reflected in the funerary ritual. It is possible
that the Crimean Goths, as federates of the Eastern Roman Empire, were directly subordinate to the Byzantine military
administration. The absence of the actual Gothic nobility could have manifested in the funerary rite and grave goods.
История, археололгия и этнография Кавказа 20 / 3, 2024
This article examines the female costume of the East Germanic tradition, which became widespread ... more This article examines the female costume of the East Germanic tradition, which became widespread during
the Migration Period in both the North Caucasus and Crimea. This costume is characterized by one or two large two-plate
brooches worn on the chest or shoulders. In Crimea and Taman, this style was considered prestigious in the first half of
the 5th century. In the Caucasus, most burials featuring this costume were found along the Black Sea coast of the North
Caucasus, primarily at the Dyurso burial ground near Novorossiysk. In the 6th century, written sources document the
presence of the Tetraxite Goths in this region. It is known that in the 5th century, these groups migrated from Eastern
Crimea to the Northwestern Caucasus. The prominent two-plate brooches and their smaller versions have been identified
at Proto-Adyghe sites in the Kuban and Northeastern Black Sea areas, specifically of the Pashkovsky-Karpovka type. The
costume featuring two two-plate brooches has been established as prestigious, at least among the Tetraxite Goths, who are
associated with the Durso necropolis. The graves containing these outfits typically had a rich assortment of burial goods.
The costume featuring two-plate brooches on the chest and shoulders has its origins in the East Germanic tradition. Its
prototype is known from sites of the Chernyakhov culture, where it was particularly widespread. During the Hunnic period,
this costume, adorned with small two-plate brooches, spread to the Northern Black Sea region and laid the foundation
for the development of the “princely” costume distinguished by large two-plate brooches. By the second half of the 5th
century, this elite costume had become typical for the East Germanic “middle class” and was prevalent in Barbaricum. The
transformation and adaptation of the prestigious Germanic costume with two-plate brooches across vast areas of Eurasia
– from the Atlantic and Baltic to the Caspian and Aral Sea regions – occurred in the context of a significant dissemination
of various components of material culture, including costume elements of different tribes and peoples. This transformation
unfolded against the backdrop of an unprecedented growth of active and diverse ethnocultural ties during the Migration
Period.
Stratum plus 4, 2024
Collection of Roman Time and the Great Migration Period Artefacts from the Eastern Crimea
The art... more Collection of Roman Time and the Great Migration Period Artefacts from the Eastern Crimea
The article examines a collection of metal elements of costume from the Roman period and the Great Migration period
from the State Historical Museum. It comes from Eastern Crimea (Kerch or Theodosia). Among the Roman time artifacts,
the most numerous are brooches and buckles, bracelets, and pendants of “barbarian” origin, associated with the Sarmatians,
Germans, and, possibly, the Western Balts. Items from the era of the Great Migrations, including brooches, buckles, and
bracelets, belong to the Goths of the Cimmerian Bosporus. Their presence in this collection allows us to reiterate the question
about the population of Theodosia at the beginning of the Middle Ages.
SE VÊTIR AU PREMIER MOYEN ÂGE Actes des 41es Journées internationales de l’Association française d’Archéologie mérovingienne. Chartres (Eure-et-Loir) – 29 septembre au 2 octobre 2021. Vol. 1, 2024
Список опубликованных научных трудов М. М. Казанского, 2023
Исследования памятников I тысячелетия н. э. на Полтавщине. Археологические открытия 1977 года. Мо... more Исследования памятников I тысячелетия н. э. на Полтавщине. Археологические открытия 1977 года. Москва: Наука, 314 (в соавт. с Е. А. Горюновым). Керамiчнi комплекси поселення Луг I на Тясминi. Aрхеологiя 27, 43-47 (в соавт. с O. M. Приходнюком). O происхождении широкопластинчатых фибул. Краткие сообщения Института археологии 155, 25-31 (в соавт. с Е. А. Горюновым).
ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: империя и полис. XVI Международный Византийский Семинар (Севастополь, 24-28 мая 2024 г.). Материалынаучной конференции , 2024
АЙБАБИН АЛЕКСАНДР ИЛЬИЧ, профессор, доктор исторических наук, директор Научно-исследовательского ... more АЙБАБИН АЛЕКСАНДР ИЛЬИЧ, профессор, доктор исторических наук, директор Научно-исследовательского центра истории и археологии Крыма Крымского федерального университета им. В. И. Вернадского (Симферополь)-ПРЕДСЕДАТЕЛЬ; СТЕПАНЕНКО ВАЛЕРИЙ ПАВЛОВИЧ, профессор, доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры древнего мира и средних веков Уральского Федерального университета им. первого президента России Б. Н. Ельцина (Екатеринбург)-ЗАМ. ПРЕДСЕДАТЕЛЯ; МАЙКО ВАДИМ ВЛАДИСЛАВОВИЧ, доктор исторических наук, директор Института археологии Крыма РАН (Симферополь); ВИНОГРАДОВ АНДРЕЙ ЮРЬЕВИЧ, доцент, доктор филологических наук, кандидат исторических наук, заведующий Лабораторией медиевистических исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики», ведущий научный сотрудник Центра византийско-кавказских исследований Института востоковедения РАН (Москва); АЛЕКСЕЕНКО НИКОЛАЙ АЛЕКСАНДРОВИЧ, dr. Etudes médiévales (Paris IV-Sorbonne), кандидат исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела средневековой археологии Института археологии Крыма РАН (Симферополь)-СЕКРЕТАРЬ-КООРДИНАТОР ΧΕΡΣΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ: империя и полис. XVI Международный Византийский Семинар (Севастополь, 24-28 мая 2024 г.). Материалы научной конференции / Отв. ред. Н. А. Алексеенко.-Симферополь : ИТ «АРИАЛ», 2024.-304 с.
Этнокультурные процессы на северных границах Восточной Римской империи: сборник статей (Византийский Крым) / Отв. ред. А. И. Айбабин, Э. А. Хайрединова, 2024
Издание осуществлено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской... more Издание осуществлено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках мегагранта № 075-15-2022-1119 «Этнокультурные трансформации во владениях Восточной Римской империи в Крыму» Рекомендовано к изданию Научно-техническим советом Крымского федерального университета им. В. И. Вернадского (протокол № 3 от 26.04.2024 г.) Серия основана в 2023 году Ответственные редакторы: А. И. Айбабин, доктор исторических наук Э. А. Хайрединова, кандидат исторических наук Координатор издания С. И. Власова Этнокультурные процессы на северных границах Восточной Римской империи: сборник статей / Отв. ред. А. И. Айбабин, Э. А. Хайрединова.-Симферополь : ООО «Антиква», 2024.-228 с.-(Византийский Крым).
XXV Боспорские чтения. Боспор Киммерийский и варварский мир в период античности и средневековья. Проблемы исследований древностей юга России. , 2024
Боспорские исследования 48, 2024
Some motifs of inlay decoration on items of weapons and horse equipment from the Northern
Black S... more Some motifs of inlay decoration on items of weapons and horse equipment from the Northern
Black Sea region of the Great Migration Period are considered. They belong to the Mediterranean
tradition and are probably of early Byzantine origin. In general, the inlay ornament and the
nature of the processing of some inlay stones (with relief decoration) are typical for products of
Mediterranean workshops. These decorative elements are typical of decorations made using the
technique of cloisonné inlay, which were common in both Hunnic and post-Hunnic times. The
“iconography” of the ornament of these items is very diverse, which indicates that they were made
to order. Two things need to be emphasized. Firstly, the eastern parallels of the considered motifs
of the inlay style indicate, if not their direct origin, then at least the significant contribution of the
artistic traditions of the Near and Middle East to the Roman / Byzantine Mediterranean jewelry.
And secondly, individual items, such as the sword guard from Taman, indicate the possible origin of
some weapons from workshops in the Western Mediterranean, which may be associated with some
episodes in the history of the Cimmerian Bosporus in the 6th century..
Мастыкова А.В. (отв. ред.), Полевой дневник. Восточная Европа в античное время и Средние века: сборник статей памяти О. В. Шарова (Материалы спасательных археологических исследований. Том 34). Москва: ИА РАН, 2024
Настоящий сборник посвящен памяти известного археолога Олега Васильевича Шарова. Статьи, представ... more Настоящий сборник посвящен памяти известного археолога Олега Васильевича Шарова. Статьи, представленные в сборнике исследователями из Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга, Симферополя, Краснодара, Севастополя и других городов, отражают круг интересов О. В. Шарова. Они посвящены древностям Крыма, Тамани, Кубани, Восточного Приазовья, Нижнего Дона, восточноевропейской лесостепи, Юго-Восточной Прибалтики. Издание открывают воспоминания друзей об Олеге, а также ранее не опубликованные материалы из его работ. Представленные материалы охватывают широкий круг вопросов и распределены по трем хронологическим разделам: ранний железный век, эллинизм и римское время; поздняя античность и эпоха Великого переселения народов; Средневековье. Книга предназначена для историков, археологов, антропологов, палеозоологов и всех интересующихся древней историей Восточной Европы.
Вопросы Истории № 3, 2024
A rare type of megaliths on the Kola Peninsula, or the so-called stone circles, was investigated ... more A rare type of megaliths on the Kola Peninsula, or the so-called stone circles, was investigated near the settlement of Kilp'iavr (Murmansk region). The overall chronology of the objects of the kind in Central and Northern Europe is from the Early Roman Period to the Middle Ages. The connection of stone circles of the Circum-Baltic Area with similar complexes in the Subarctic and Arctic areas of Norway and the northwest of the Kola Peninsula has been suggested. The article supposes that the site in question was a funeral cenotaph. The appearance of the stone circles so far in the North possibly was a result of the emergence of fur trade, with its routes controlled by troops of militarised barbarians of predominantly Germanic and Finnish origin.
Материалы и исследования по археологии, истории и этнографии Таврии XXVIII, 2023
The symbolic role of prestigious weapons, horse tack, and “military” costume as the owner’s
socia... more The symbolic role of prestigious weapons, horse tack, and “military” costume as the owner’s
social level marker is well known. Moreover, the artefacts of “ceremonial” military dress and horse tack form
reliable markers of cultural ties and military-political orientation of the ruling elites in ancient societies. Prestigious
weapons were made by order or took as spoils of war. Furthermore, “ceremonial” weapons and horse
tack were diplomatic gifts and appeared in symbolic investiture of barbarian “kings.” This article addresses
the finds originating from Cimmerian Bosporos and dated from the Great Migration, or the Hunnic (last third
of the fourth to the second third of the fifth century) and Post-Hunnic Periods (second third of the fifth to the
second third of the sixth century): swords, scramasaxes, helmets, shields, horse tack, and “military” costume
parts. They meet with parallels both in the Empire and the Barbaricum. Simultaneously, the attire in question
misses important artefacts like T-shaped brooches of the Roman administrators of higher ranks and barbarian
“royal” gold bracelets with widened ends. Generally, in the case of Cimmerian Bosporos, military aristocratic
culture from the Great Migration Period featured two traditions associated with the great powers of antiquity,
the Romano-Byzantine and Iranian ones, with the first predominant among the number of finds. The Eastern
Roman Empire’s sphere of military and political influence in the Ponto-Caucasian steppes extended very far,
as long as the area controlled by the Sabiroi Huns inhabiting the North-Eastern Caucasus. However, political
and, accordingly, military influence of Sassanian Iran in Caucasus is attested by written sources, where it
is also confirmed by striking finds of prestigious weapons. This way, Cimmerian Bosporos appeared at the
crossroads of these two military traditions of the great powers of antiquity.
The European Countryside during the Migration Period. Patterns of Change from Iberia to the Caucasus (300–700 CE) / Ed. I. Bavuso, A. Castrorao Barba. (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 137). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2023
La présence des Goths en Crimée au début du Moyen-Âge est actuellement attestée en archéologie pa... more La présence des Goths en Crimée au début du Moyen-Âge est actuellement attestée en archéologie par leur costume féminin, 1 connu d'après des découvertes funéraires. En effet, le habit féminin est un trait culturel très rigide dans les sociétés traditionnelles 'barbares' et sert de repère 'ethnographique', à l'exception, bien entendu, du costume 'princier' qui est plutôt un marqueur social. Dans les sociétés traditionnelles, il est très rare que les parures et les accessoires du costume féminin (à quelques exceptions près, comme par exemple les colliers de perles) deviennent un objet de commerce: ces costumes se déplacent d'habitude avec leurs porteuses. 2 On peut d'ailleurs remarquer que les costumes ruraux européens perdurent cette tradition, même au XIX e siècle. Ainsi, les découverts d'éléments du costume de tradition germanique orientale (fibules en tôle d'argent ou digitées et grandes plaques-boucles à décor zoomorphe) sont depuis longtemps identifiées en Crimée comme appartenant aux Goths. 3 Notre propos consiste ici à préciser les particularités de la civilisation matérielle de ces Goths selon les régions de la péninsule taurique. Les sites archéologiques contenant des objets de tradition germanique orientale sont attestés dans deux régions de Crimée: en Crimée orientale, sur le territoire de l'ancien royaume grec du Bosphore Cimmérien et dans la partie sud-ouest de la péninsule (Fig. 1B). Dans ces deux cas, la présence des Goths y est confirmée par des sources écrites.
Античная древность и средние века. Т. 51, 2023
FIRST CONTACTS OF THE DANUBIAN SLAVS
AND AVARS: THE EVIDENCES FROM THE BYZANTINE
WRITERS AND ARCH... more FIRST CONTACTS OF THE DANUBIAN SLAVS
AND AVARS: THE EVIDENCES FROM THE BYZANTINE
WRITERS AND ARCHAEOLOGY
This article addresses the question of the archaeological sites relating to the Danube Slavs
(Sclavi), who first came into contact with the Avars in the sixth century. The isolated
groups of the people of the Prague culture penetrated into the area in between of the Danube
and the Adriatic, Pannonia to the south-west of Lake Balaton and the Eastern Alps
in particular, from the first third of the sixth century onwards. These settlements possess
some features similar to the Slavic sites of the Prague culture. No doubts, this area appeared
under the rule of the Avars when the Pannonian Lombards migrated to Italy in
568 AD and left their lands for the Avars. The cemetery of Regensburg-Grossprüfening
in Bavaria is of particular importance for the correct understanding of the situation
in the region under study. The site contained 22 Slavic cremation graves, where Merovingian
goods appeared. There were a few graves featuring prestigious artefacts. It has
been assumed that there was the resettlement of the Slavs, most likely being an elite
military grouping, ca 568 AD, under the pressure of the Avar expansion. If this interpretation
is correct, there was a departure of the elites of the Middle Danubian Slavs from
the Avar power zone. Perhaps it resulted in a change of the social structure of the Pannonian
Slavs, which explained their more dependent place in the Avar Khanate, in contrast to
those of the Lower Danubian and Balkan Slavs, who also found themselves in the sphere
of the Avar power.
Уфимский Археологический Вестник 23 / 2, 2023
Western Europe is known to currently have three burials of the Migration Period and the Early
Mer... more Western Europe is known to currently have three burials of the Migration Period and the Early
Merovingian period with metal appliques. They are Mundolsheim in Alsace, Ravenna in Northern Italy and
Krefeld-Gellep (burial 1782) on the Rhine. According to the luxurious nature of the accompanying things all
these burials belong to privileged persons. The burial in Mundolsheim belongs to the first half of the 5th century,
while the burials in Ravenna and Krefeld-Gellep date back to the second half – the end of the 5th – the middle
of the 6th centuries. The grave in Mundolsheim was found with triangular applique plates. Similar items are
discovered in the Eurasian steppe between the Lower Danube and the East Kazakhstan. They date back to the
Hunnic and post-Hunnic times. The most similar in shape triangular appliques originate from the Hunnic finds
in the Carpathian basin (Széged-Nagyszéksos, Pécsüszög) and from the burial of a barbarian leader in Conceşti,
in romanian Moldova. Early Merovingian burials in Ravenna and Krefeld-Gellep are found with segmented
elongated appliques with inlaid edges. This form of the appliques also has twins mainly in the Eurasian steppe
zone, primarily in the Ponto-Caucasian region. Although similar items also appear in the Volga-Ural steppes
and in Western Kazakhstan. However, the inlaid decor along the edge of the plates is found only on Western
European appliques. It may indicate that the plates were made in some Western atelier mimicking ‘Eastern’
samples. Triangular and segmental saddle appliques spread across such a wide area
Stratum plus N°5, 2023
M. M. Kazanski, A. V. Mastykova
Armed Children: Burials of Boys with Ceremonial Weapons in the Bl... more M. M. Kazanski, A. V. Mastykova
Armed Children: Burials of Boys with Ceremonial Weapons in the Black Sea Region and on the Rhine (Late
4th — First Half of the 6th Centuries) and the First Battle of Prince Svyatoslav
Burials of children with weapons in the pre-state and early state societies of the era of the Great Migration Period — the
beginning of the Middle Ages are rare. Still rarer are children’s burials, where archaeologists come across the burials of boys
with prestigious weapons. These graves reflect the burial customs of the nobility. For the end of the 4 th — the first half of
the 6 th centuries, two burials are distinguished — Tsibilium 1, burial 61 in Abkhazia and burial 809 in St. Severin’s Cathedral
in Cologne. They are distinguished by a particularly rich and complete set of weapons. Undoubtedly, they belong to individuals
who occupied the highest position in these societies. There are cases when armed children appeared on the battlefield,
where they did not participate in the battle, but had to perform some ritual actions or symbolically replace their dead fathers
(946, Prince Svyatoslav).
Terra Tatarica: Крым и тюркский мир в эпоху Средневековья и в Новое время, , 2023
In : D. Bondoc, C. Timoc (eds.), In Honorem Constantin C. Petolescu. Craiova : ANTHEO, 2023
O serie de catarame dreptunghiulare cu doi spini, adesea prevăzute cu plăci, de asemenea, de form... more O serie de catarame dreptunghiulare cu doi spini, adesea prevăzute cu plăci, de asemenea, de formă dreptunghiulară, au fost descoperite la nordul Mării Neagre, datând în epoca romană târzie. Cataramele în discuție au fost unanim identificate ca fiind originare din Europa Centrală, reprezentând o mărturie a migrației popoarelor barbare din bazinul Vistulei și coasta de sud a Mării Baltice către Pont, la sfârșitul secolelor al II-lea și al III-lea. Această ipoteză pare destul de plauzibilă, iar numeroasele analogii din Europa Centrală, după cum am văzut, sunt dovada acestui lucru. Cu toate acestea, unele descoperiri de pe teritoriul Imperiului roman permit propunerea unei alte surse de apariție a acestor elemente de centură, la nordul Mării Negre. Într-adevăr, cataramele cu doi spini, vag dreptunghiulare, sunt atestate pe teritoriul Imperiului roman prin descoperiri arheologice. Toate acestea mărturisesc existența cataramelor cu spini dreptunghiulari în costumul utilizat în Imperiul roman din epoca târzie și fac posibilă posibilă postularea existenței altor surse de proveniență a acestor obiecte în spaţiul pontic, și nu numai lumea barbară a Europei centrale.
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Papers by Michel Kazanski
BOSPOROS IN THE HUNNIC PERIOD
The purpose of this work is to determine the main features and characteristics of the costume of the sedentary population of the Cimmerian Bosporos in the Hunnic Period (last third of the fourth to mid-fifth century). The elements of men’s costume comprise mostly of metal parts of belt sets and shoes. Women’s costume from the period features several traditions: Pontic, Germanic, and Ponto- Germanic. The Pontic tradition is typical of the presence of elements of women’s attire (earrings,
necklaces, bracelets, metal appliques) with the absence of brooches, usual for the Germans. The costume of the Germanic tradition shows two paired brooches placed on the shoulders or in the pectoral area. The Ponto- Germanic costume includes both Germanic brooches and the elements of the Pontic costume. The main artifacts determining the specificity of the costume of the Cimmerian Bosporos from the
Hunnic Period are some types of belt and shoe sets, brooches featuring the local tradition, metal appliques, metal wide-opening beads, necklaces with cone-shaped and lunular pendants, crescent- shaped or three- partite earrings, metal mirrors with a central loop, and bracelets with zoomorphic endings. The Bosporan costume from the Hunnic Period also contains other elements, which distribution area covers vast territories, so they cannot be considered typically Bosporan. Among these there
are fly brooches, earrings with a multifaceted pendant on one ending, bracelets with widened ends, buckles with elongated tongues, and so on. Simultaneously, the artefacts typical of the Pontic / Bosporan costume also widely distributed in Europe during the Hunnic Period. All these factors supplied the Bosporan costume from the Great Migration Period with fully international character, typical of the sedentary population both on the territory of the Roman Empire and in the adjacent regions of the Barbaricum.
The issues of social stratification of the Goths of the Dori country (South-Western Crimea) are studied based on the
burials of the 6th — 7th centuries (cemeteries of the Suuk-Su type). To correctly assess the possibility of stratification of
graves for the 6th — 7th centuries in the South-Western Crimea, data are drawn from comparable barbarian societies in
Central and Western Europe (Middle Danube, Ostrogothic Italy, Merovingian Gaul, Visigothic Spain), as well as the North-
Eastern Black Sea region (Dyurso burial ground, belonging to the Goths-Tetraxites). For the Goths of the South — Western
Crimea, burials with prestigious items or special architecture or burial structures are lacking. The bulk of the burials here
belong to the “middle class” and are characterized by stable types of burial structures and a rather monotonous set of
things in the graves. First, these are quite massive pieces of jewelry made of relatively inexpensive metals (silver and bronze).
These features are typical of the bulk of the graves of the early Middle Ages in Central and Western Europe. The absence of
privileged graves among the Goths of the Dori country in the 6th — 7th centuries can be explained both by the level of research
and by the peculiarities of the social structure of this population, which were also reflected in the funerary ritual. It is possible
that the Crimean Goths, as federates of the Eastern Roman Empire, were directly subordinate to the Byzantine military
administration. The absence of the actual Gothic nobility could have manifested in the funerary rite and grave goods.
the Migration Period in both the North Caucasus and Crimea. This costume is characterized by one or two large two-plate
brooches worn on the chest or shoulders. In Crimea and Taman, this style was considered prestigious in the first half of
the 5th century. In the Caucasus, most burials featuring this costume were found along the Black Sea coast of the North
Caucasus, primarily at the Dyurso burial ground near Novorossiysk. In the 6th century, written sources document the
presence of the Tetraxite Goths in this region. It is known that in the 5th century, these groups migrated from Eastern
Crimea to the Northwestern Caucasus. The prominent two-plate brooches and their smaller versions have been identified
at Proto-Adyghe sites in the Kuban and Northeastern Black Sea areas, specifically of the Pashkovsky-Karpovka type. The
costume featuring two two-plate brooches has been established as prestigious, at least among the Tetraxite Goths, who are
associated with the Durso necropolis. The graves containing these outfits typically had a rich assortment of burial goods.
The costume featuring two-plate brooches on the chest and shoulders has its origins in the East Germanic tradition. Its
prototype is known from sites of the Chernyakhov culture, where it was particularly widespread. During the Hunnic period,
this costume, adorned with small two-plate brooches, spread to the Northern Black Sea region and laid the foundation
for the development of the “princely” costume distinguished by large two-plate brooches. By the second half of the 5th
century, this elite costume had become typical for the East Germanic “middle class” and was prevalent in Barbaricum. The
transformation and adaptation of the prestigious Germanic costume with two-plate brooches across vast areas of Eurasia
– from the Atlantic and Baltic to the Caspian and Aral Sea regions – occurred in the context of a significant dissemination
of various components of material culture, including costume elements of different tribes and peoples. This transformation
unfolded against the backdrop of an unprecedented growth of active and diverse ethnocultural ties during the Migration
Period.
The article examines a collection of metal elements of costume from the Roman period and the Great Migration period
from the State Historical Museum. It comes from Eastern Crimea (Kerch or Theodosia). Among the Roman time artifacts,
the most numerous are brooches and buckles, bracelets, and pendants of “barbarian” origin, associated with the Sarmatians,
Germans, and, possibly, the Western Balts. Items from the era of the Great Migrations, including brooches, buckles, and
bracelets, belong to the Goths of the Cimmerian Bosporus. Their presence in this collection allows us to reiterate the question
about the population of Theodosia at the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Black Sea region of the Great Migration Period are considered. They belong to the Mediterranean
tradition and are probably of early Byzantine origin. In general, the inlay ornament and the
nature of the processing of some inlay stones (with relief decoration) are typical for products of
Mediterranean workshops. These decorative elements are typical of decorations made using the
technique of cloisonné inlay, which were common in both Hunnic and post-Hunnic times. The
“iconography” of the ornament of these items is very diverse, which indicates that they were made
to order. Two things need to be emphasized. Firstly, the eastern parallels of the considered motifs
of the inlay style indicate, if not their direct origin, then at least the significant contribution of the
artistic traditions of the Near and Middle East to the Roman / Byzantine Mediterranean jewelry.
And secondly, individual items, such as the sword guard from Taman, indicate the possible origin of
some weapons from workshops in the Western Mediterranean, which may be associated with some
episodes in the history of the Cimmerian Bosporus in the 6th century..
social level marker is well known. Moreover, the artefacts of “ceremonial” military dress and horse tack form
reliable markers of cultural ties and military-political orientation of the ruling elites in ancient societies. Prestigious
weapons were made by order or took as spoils of war. Furthermore, “ceremonial” weapons and horse
tack were diplomatic gifts and appeared in symbolic investiture of barbarian “kings.” This article addresses
the finds originating from Cimmerian Bosporos and dated from the Great Migration, or the Hunnic (last third
of the fourth to the second third of the fifth century) and Post-Hunnic Periods (second third of the fifth to the
second third of the sixth century): swords, scramasaxes, helmets, shields, horse tack, and “military” costume
parts. They meet with parallels both in the Empire and the Barbaricum. Simultaneously, the attire in question
misses important artefacts like T-shaped brooches of the Roman administrators of higher ranks and barbarian
“royal” gold bracelets with widened ends. Generally, in the case of Cimmerian Bosporos, military aristocratic
culture from the Great Migration Period featured two traditions associated with the great powers of antiquity,
the Romano-Byzantine and Iranian ones, with the first predominant among the number of finds. The Eastern
Roman Empire’s sphere of military and political influence in the Ponto-Caucasian steppes extended very far,
as long as the area controlled by the Sabiroi Huns inhabiting the North-Eastern Caucasus. However, political
and, accordingly, military influence of Sassanian Iran in Caucasus is attested by written sources, where it
is also confirmed by striking finds of prestigious weapons. This way, Cimmerian Bosporos appeared at the
crossroads of these two military traditions of the great powers of antiquity.
AND AVARS: THE EVIDENCES FROM THE BYZANTINE
WRITERS AND ARCHAEOLOGY
This article addresses the question of the archaeological sites relating to the Danube Slavs
(Sclavi), who first came into contact with the Avars in the sixth century. The isolated
groups of the people of the Prague culture penetrated into the area in between of the Danube
and the Adriatic, Pannonia to the south-west of Lake Balaton and the Eastern Alps
in particular, from the first third of the sixth century onwards. These settlements possess
some features similar to the Slavic sites of the Prague culture. No doubts, this area appeared
under the rule of the Avars when the Pannonian Lombards migrated to Italy in
568 AD and left their lands for the Avars. The cemetery of Regensburg-Grossprüfening
in Bavaria is of particular importance for the correct understanding of the situation
in the region under study. The site contained 22 Slavic cremation graves, where Merovingian
goods appeared. There were a few graves featuring prestigious artefacts. It has
been assumed that there was the resettlement of the Slavs, most likely being an elite
military grouping, ca 568 AD, under the pressure of the Avar expansion. If this interpretation
is correct, there was a departure of the elites of the Middle Danubian Slavs from
the Avar power zone. Perhaps it resulted in a change of the social structure of the Pannonian
Slavs, which explained their more dependent place in the Avar Khanate, in contrast to
those of the Lower Danubian and Balkan Slavs, who also found themselves in the sphere
of the Avar power.
Merovingian period with metal appliques. They are Mundolsheim in Alsace, Ravenna in Northern Italy and
Krefeld-Gellep (burial 1782) on the Rhine. According to the luxurious nature of the accompanying things all
these burials belong to privileged persons. The burial in Mundolsheim belongs to the first half of the 5th century,
while the burials in Ravenna and Krefeld-Gellep date back to the second half – the end of the 5th – the middle
of the 6th centuries. The grave in Mundolsheim was found with triangular applique plates. Similar items are
discovered in the Eurasian steppe between the Lower Danube and the East Kazakhstan. They date back to the
Hunnic and post-Hunnic times. The most similar in shape triangular appliques originate from the Hunnic finds
in the Carpathian basin (Széged-Nagyszéksos, Pécsüszög) and from the burial of a barbarian leader in Conceşti,
in romanian Moldova. Early Merovingian burials in Ravenna and Krefeld-Gellep are found with segmented
elongated appliques with inlaid edges. This form of the appliques also has twins mainly in the Eurasian steppe
zone, primarily in the Ponto-Caucasian region. Although similar items also appear in the Volga-Ural steppes
and in Western Kazakhstan. However, the inlaid decor along the edge of the plates is found only on Western
European appliques. It may indicate that the plates were made in some Western atelier mimicking ‘Eastern’
samples. Triangular and segmental saddle appliques spread across such a wide area
Armed Children: Burials of Boys with Ceremonial Weapons in the Black Sea Region and on the Rhine (Late
4th — First Half of the 6th Centuries) and the First Battle of Prince Svyatoslav
Burials of children with weapons in the pre-state and early state societies of the era of the Great Migration Period — the
beginning of the Middle Ages are rare. Still rarer are children’s burials, where archaeologists come across the burials of boys
with prestigious weapons. These graves reflect the burial customs of the nobility. For the end of the 4 th — the first half of
the 6 th centuries, two burials are distinguished — Tsibilium 1, burial 61 in Abkhazia and burial 809 in St. Severin’s Cathedral
in Cologne. They are distinguished by a particularly rich and complete set of weapons. Undoubtedly, they belong to individuals
who occupied the highest position in these societies. There are cases when armed children appeared on the battlefield,
where they did not participate in the battle, but had to perform some ritual actions or symbolically replace their dead fathers
(946, Prince Svyatoslav).
BOSPOROS IN THE HUNNIC PERIOD
The purpose of this work is to determine the main features and characteristics of the costume of the sedentary population of the Cimmerian Bosporos in the Hunnic Period (last third of the fourth to mid-fifth century). The elements of men’s costume comprise mostly of metal parts of belt sets and shoes. Women’s costume from the period features several traditions: Pontic, Germanic, and Ponto- Germanic. The Pontic tradition is typical of the presence of elements of women’s attire (earrings,
necklaces, bracelets, metal appliques) with the absence of brooches, usual for the Germans. The costume of the Germanic tradition shows two paired brooches placed on the shoulders or in the pectoral area. The Ponto- Germanic costume includes both Germanic brooches and the elements of the Pontic costume. The main artifacts determining the specificity of the costume of the Cimmerian Bosporos from the
Hunnic Period are some types of belt and shoe sets, brooches featuring the local tradition, metal appliques, metal wide-opening beads, necklaces with cone-shaped and lunular pendants, crescent- shaped or three- partite earrings, metal mirrors with a central loop, and bracelets with zoomorphic endings. The Bosporan costume from the Hunnic Period also contains other elements, which distribution area covers vast territories, so they cannot be considered typically Bosporan. Among these there
are fly brooches, earrings with a multifaceted pendant on one ending, bracelets with widened ends, buckles with elongated tongues, and so on. Simultaneously, the artefacts typical of the Pontic / Bosporan costume also widely distributed in Europe during the Hunnic Period. All these factors supplied the Bosporan costume from the Great Migration Period with fully international character, typical of the sedentary population both on the territory of the Roman Empire and in the adjacent regions of the Barbaricum.
The issues of social stratification of the Goths of the Dori country (South-Western Crimea) are studied based on the
burials of the 6th — 7th centuries (cemeteries of the Suuk-Su type). To correctly assess the possibility of stratification of
graves for the 6th — 7th centuries in the South-Western Crimea, data are drawn from comparable barbarian societies in
Central and Western Europe (Middle Danube, Ostrogothic Italy, Merovingian Gaul, Visigothic Spain), as well as the North-
Eastern Black Sea region (Dyurso burial ground, belonging to the Goths-Tetraxites). For the Goths of the South — Western
Crimea, burials with prestigious items or special architecture or burial structures are lacking. The bulk of the burials here
belong to the “middle class” and are characterized by stable types of burial structures and a rather monotonous set of
things in the graves. First, these are quite massive pieces of jewelry made of relatively inexpensive metals (silver and bronze).
These features are typical of the bulk of the graves of the early Middle Ages in Central and Western Europe. The absence of
privileged graves among the Goths of the Dori country in the 6th — 7th centuries can be explained both by the level of research
and by the peculiarities of the social structure of this population, which were also reflected in the funerary ritual. It is possible
that the Crimean Goths, as federates of the Eastern Roman Empire, were directly subordinate to the Byzantine military
administration. The absence of the actual Gothic nobility could have manifested in the funerary rite and grave goods.
the Migration Period in both the North Caucasus and Crimea. This costume is characterized by one or two large two-plate
brooches worn on the chest or shoulders. In Crimea and Taman, this style was considered prestigious in the first half of
the 5th century. In the Caucasus, most burials featuring this costume were found along the Black Sea coast of the North
Caucasus, primarily at the Dyurso burial ground near Novorossiysk. In the 6th century, written sources document the
presence of the Tetraxite Goths in this region. It is known that in the 5th century, these groups migrated from Eastern
Crimea to the Northwestern Caucasus. The prominent two-plate brooches and their smaller versions have been identified
at Proto-Adyghe sites in the Kuban and Northeastern Black Sea areas, specifically of the Pashkovsky-Karpovka type. The
costume featuring two two-plate brooches has been established as prestigious, at least among the Tetraxite Goths, who are
associated with the Durso necropolis. The graves containing these outfits typically had a rich assortment of burial goods.
The costume featuring two-plate brooches on the chest and shoulders has its origins in the East Germanic tradition. Its
prototype is known from sites of the Chernyakhov culture, where it was particularly widespread. During the Hunnic period,
this costume, adorned with small two-plate brooches, spread to the Northern Black Sea region and laid the foundation
for the development of the “princely” costume distinguished by large two-plate brooches. By the second half of the 5th
century, this elite costume had become typical for the East Germanic “middle class” and was prevalent in Barbaricum. The
transformation and adaptation of the prestigious Germanic costume with two-plate brooches across vast areas of Eurasia
– from the Atlantic and Baltic to the Caspian and Aral Sea regions – occurred in the context of a significant dissemination
of various components of material culture, including costume elements of different tribes and peoples. This transformation
unfolded against the backdrop of an unprecedented growth of active and diverse ethnocultural ties during the Migration
Period.
The article examines a collection of metal elements of costume from the Roman period and the Great Migration period
from the State Historical Museum. It comes from Eastern Crimea (Kerch or Theodosia). Among the Roman time artifacts,
the most numerous are brooches and buckles, bracelets, and pendants of “barbarian” origin, associated with the Sarmatians,
Germans, and, possibly, the Western Balts. Items from the era of the Great Migrations, including brooches, buckles, and
bracelets, belong to the Goths of the Cimmerian Bosporus. Their presence in this collection allows us to reiterate the question
about the population of Theodosia at the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Black Sea region of the Great Migration Period are considered. They belong to the Mediterranean
tradition and are probably of early Byzantine origin. In general, the inlay ornament and the
nature of the processing of some inlay stones (with relief decoration) are typical for products of
Mediterranean workshops. These decorative elements are typical of decorations made using the
technique of cloisonné inlay, which were common in both Hunnic and post-Hunnic times. The
“iconography” of the ornament of these items is very diverse, which indicates that they were made
to order. Two things need to be emphasized. Firstly, the eastern parallels of the considered motifs
of the inlay style indicate, if not their direct origin, then at least the significant contribution of the
artistic traditions of the Near and Middle East to the Roman / Byzantine Mediterranean jewelry.
And secondly, individual items, such as the sword guard from Taman, indicate the possible origin of
some weapons from workshops in the Western Mediterranean, which may be associated with some
episodes in the history of the Cimmerian Bosporus in the 6th century..
social level marker is well known. Moreover, the artefacts of “ceremonial” military dress and horse tack form
reliable markers of cultural ties and military-political orientation of the ruling elites in ancient societies. Prestigious
weapons were made by order or took as spoils of war. Furthermore, “ceremonial” weapons and horse
tack were diplomatic gifts and appeared in symbolic investiture of barbarian “kings.” This article addresses
the finds originating from Cimmerian Bosporos and dated from the Great Migration, or the Hunnic (last third
of the fourth to the second third of the fifth century) and Post-Hunnic Periods (second third of the fifth to the
second third of the sixth century): swords, scramasaxes, helmets, shields, horse tack, and “military” costume
parts. They meet with parallels both in the Empire and the Barbaricum. Simultaneously, the attire in question
misses important artefacts like T-shaped brooches of the Roman administrators of higher ranks and barbarian
“royal” gold bracelets with widened ends. Generally, in the case of Cimmerian Bosporos, military aristocratic
culture from the Great Migration Period featured two traditions associated with the great powers of antiquity,
the Romano-Byzantine and Iranian ones, with the first predominant among the number of finds. The Eastern
Roman Empire’s sphere of military and political influence in the Ponto-Caucasian steppes extended very far,
as long as the area controlled by the Sabiroi Huns inhabiting the North-Eastern Caucasus. However, political
and, accordingly, military influence of Sassanian Iran in Caucasus is attested by written sources, where it
is also confirmed by striking finds of prestigious weapons. This way, Cimmerian Bosporos appeared at the
crossroads of these two military traditions of the great powers of antiquity.
AND AVARS: THE EVIDENCES FROM THE BYZANTINE
WRITERS AND ARCHAEOLOGY
This article addresses the question of the archaeological sites relating to the Danube Slavs
(Sclavi), who first came into contact with the Avars in the sixth century. The isolated
groups of the people of the Prague culture penetrated into the area in between of the Danube
and the Adriatic, Pannonia to the south-west of Lake Balaton and the Eastern Alps
in particular, from the first third of the sixth century onwards. These settlements possess
some features similar to the Slavic sites of the Prague culture. No doubts, this area appeared
under the rule of the Avars when the Pannonian Lombards migrated to Italy in
568 AD and left their lands for the Avars. The cemetery of Regensburg-Grossprüfening
in Bavaria is of particular importance for the correct understanding of the situation
in the region under study. The site contained 22 Slavic cremation graves, where Merovingian
goods appeared. There were a few graves featuring prestigious artefacts. It has
been assumed that there was the resettlement of the Slavs, most likely being an elite
military grouping, ca 568 AD, under the pressure of the Avar expansion. If this interpretation
is correct, there was a departure of the elites of the Middle Danubian Slavs from
the Avar power zone. Perhaps it resulted in a change of the social structure of the Pannonian
Slavs, which explained their more dependent place in the Avar Khanate, in contrast to
those of the Lower Danubian and Balkan Slavs, who also found themselves in the sphere
of the Avar power.
Merovingian period with metal appliques. They are Mundolsheim in Alsace, Ravenna in Northern Italy and
Krefeld-Gellep (burial 1782) on the Rhine. According to the luxurious nature of the accompanying things all
these burials belong to privileged persons. The burial in Mundolsheim belongs to the first half of the 5th century,
while the burials in Ravenna and Krefeld-Gellep date back to the second half – the end of the 5th – the middle
of the 6th centuries. The grave in Mundolsheim was found with triangular applique plates. Similar items are
discovered in the Eurasian steppe between the Lower Danube and the East Kazakhstan. They date back to the
Hunnic and post-Hunnic times. The most similar in shape triangular appliques originate from the Hunnic finds
in the Carpathian basin (Széged-Nagyszéksos, Pécsüszög) and from the burial of a barbarian leader in Conceşti,
in romanian Moldova. Early Merovingian burials in Ravenna and Krefeld-Gellep are found with segmented
elongated appliques with inlaid edges. This form of the appliques also has twins mainly in the Eurasian steppe
zone, primarily in the Ponto-Caucasian region. Although similar items also appear in the Volga-Ural steppes
and in Western Kazakhstan. However, the inlaid decor along the edge of the plates is found only on Western
European appliques. It may indicate that the plates were made in some Western atelier mimicking ‘Eastern’
samples. Triangular and segmental saddle appliques spread across such a wide area
Armed Children: Burials of Boys with Ceremonial Weapons in the Black Sea Region and on the Rhine (Late
4th — First Half of the 6th Centuries) and the First Battle of Prince Svyatoslav
Burials of children with weapons in the pre-state and early state societies of the era of the Great Migration Period — the
beginning of the Middle Ages are rare. Still rarer are children’s burials, where archaeologists come across the burials of boys
with prestigious weapons. These graves reflect the burial customs of the nobility. For the end of the 4 th — the first half of
the 6 th centuries, two burials are distinguished — Tsibilium 1, burial 61 in Abkhazia and burial 809 in St. Severin’s Cathedral
in Cologne. They are distinguished by a particularly rich and complete set of weapons. Undoubtedly, they belong to individuals
who occupied the highest position in these societies. There are cases when armed children appeared on the battlefield,
where they did not participate in the battle, but had to perform some ritual actions or symbolically replace their dead fathers
(946, Prince Svyatoslav).
Sur commande à
AFAM c/Vincent Hincker
18 avenue du 6 juin
14000 Caen
[email protected]
редневекового некрополя Заостровье-1, принадлежавшего западным балтам (эсти-
ям). Памятник исследован в 2010 г. в ходе спасательных раскопок на территории Зе-
леноградского района Калининградской области. На основе анализа погребальных
комплексов удалось выявить особенности погребального обряда и материальной
культуры древних эстиев, получены новые палеоантропологические, археозоологи-
ческие, радиоуглеродные данные, предложены исторические выводы.
237 pages, Illustrated throughout in black and white. 8 tables, 107 figures.
Contributors: Sebastian Brather (University of Freiburg), Florin Curta (University of Florida), Bruno Dumézil (University of Paris X), Dawn Hadley (University of Sheffield), Guy Halsall (University of York), Vujadin Ivanišević (Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade), Michel Kazanski (CNRS-Collège de France), Jörg Kleemann, Michael Kulikowski (University of Pennsylvania), Jorge López Quiroga (Autonomous University of Madrid), Anna Mastykova (Academy of Science, Moscow), Patrick Périn (Archaeological National Museum, Paris), Annamaria Pazienza (University of Venice), Luis Ríos Frutos (Autonomous University of Madrid), Michel Rouche (University of Paris-Sorbonne), Tivadar Vida (University of Budapest).
ISBN : 978-2-916716-45-9
The results of this research project will be publish in the volume: Jorge López Quiroga-Michel Kazanski-Vujadin Ivanisevic (Editors.): Identity and Otherness among the Barbarians in Europe during the Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages : The problematic relationship between Texts and Archaeology (FORTHCOMING).