Uran (mitologija)

Uran
Uran
	Aion-Uran sa Terra (grčki Geja) na mozaiku
Grupe	Grčki primordijalni bogovi
Suprug(a)	Geja
Mitologija	Grčka mitologija

Uran (grč. Οὐρανός, Ouranós) primordijalni je bog neba. Prema Hesiodu Uran je bio sin i muž Geje (Zemlja), s kojom je rodio prvu generaciju Titana i većine ostalih bogova. Ciceron u svom djelu De natura deorum tvrdi da je Eterov i Hemerin potomak, a prema orfičkim je Niktin sin. Njegov pandan u rimskoj mitologiji je Cel (lat. Caelus), a u hinduizmu Varuna. Uran je povezan sa Eonom. Nijedan kult upućen direktno Uranu nije preživio do klasičnog doba,^[1] a Uran se ne pojavljuje među uobičajenim temama grčke oslikane keramike. Elementarna Zemlja, Nebo i Stiks mogu se, međutim, spojiti u svečanoj invokciji u Homerovom epu.[5] Uran je povezan sa rimskim bogom Celom.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Etimologija

Većina lingvista prati etimologiju imena Οὐρανός znači "nebo", a potječe od pragrčke riječi *worsanos (Ϝορσανός),^[7] od indoevropskog korijena *wers- = "vlažiti, kapati", što znači kiša^[8] ili gospodar kiše.^[9] Uranovo ime je povezano sa imenom Uranij (Uranov sin - Gigant) i imenom Uranija (Muza).

Kastriranje Urana

Hesiod u svojoj Teogoniji govori da je Uran dolazio svake noći da bi spavao s Gejom, ali je mrzio djecu koju mu je rodila: Titane, Centimane i Kiklope.^[10] On ih je zatvorio u Tartar što je Geji uzrokovalo veliku bol. Oblikovala je kremeni srp i zatražila svoje sinove da kastriraju njenog muža, a na to je pristao Kron, najmlađi Titan.^[11] Dok je Uran sišao nad Geju da bi spavao s njom, Kron je iz zasjede skočio na njega i kastrirao ga, bacivši njegove testise u more. Od prolivene krvi rođeni su Giganti, Erinije, Melije (nimfe stabla jasena) te Telhine (stanovnike ostrva Roda). Od genitalija bačenih u more rođena je Afrodita.^[12] Kron je potom zatvorio Centimane i Kiklope u Tartar. Uran i Geja tada su prorekli da će i samog Krona svrgnuti njegov sin, stoga je on to pokušao izbjeći proždiravši svoju djecu. Međutim, uz pomoć svoje majke Reje, Zeus je preživio i svrgnuo Krona. Urana je poslije držao Titan Atlant, za kaznu, iako neki tvrde da on zapravo drži Geju, Zemlju.

Potomstvo

Uran ima djecu sa Gejom i Talasom. Uranovi potomci:

Titani - oni su ga svrgnuli.
Kiklopi - jednooki divovi.
Centimani - divovi sa sto ruku i pedeset glava, zbog izgleda ih je Uran zatvorio.
Erinije - božice osvete.
Giganti - divovi sa zmijskim repovima.
Melije - nimfe jasena.
Afrodita - božica ljubavi i ljepote, kćerka Urana sa Talasom, ili je nastala od njegovih genitalija.

Reference

^ "We did not regard them as being in any way worthy of worship," Karl Kerenyi, speaking for the ancient Greeks, said of the Titans (Kerenyi, str. 20); "with the single exception, perhaps, of Cronos; and with the exception, also, of Helios."
^ As at Homer, Iliad 15.36 ff., Odyssey 5.184 ff.
^ Grimal, s.v. "Caelus" str. 38.
^ Varro, De lingua Latina 5.58.
^ Marion Lawrence, "The Velletri Sarcophagus", American Journal of Archaeology 69.3 (1965), str. 220.
^ Floro, Epitome 1.40 (3.5.30): "The Jews tried to defend Jerusalem; but he [Pompeius Magnus] entered this city also and saw that grand Holy of Holies of an impious people exposed, Caelum under a golden vine" (Hierosolymam defendere temptavere Iudaei; verum haec quoque et intravit et vidit illud grande inpiae gentis arcanum patens, sub aurea vite Caelum). Finbarr Barry Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Brill, 2001), pp. 81 and 83 (note 118). El Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), str. 252, entry on caelum, cita a Juvenal, Petronio, and Floro como ejemplos de Caelus o Caelum "with reference to Jehovah; also, to some symbolization of Jehovah."
^ West 2007, p. 137. Originally reconstructed in: Johann Baptist Hofmann, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1950).
^ Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, vol. 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 1128–1129.
^ West 2007, str. 137.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 154–155. Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard, str. 67; West 1988, str. 7, and Caldwell, str. 37 on lines 154–160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, str. 10, says "likely all eighteen"; and Most, str. 15 n. 8, says "apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, str. 206 on lines 139–53, str. 213 line 154 γὰρ. Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, str. 10 says: "The reason for [Uranus'] hatred may be [his children's] horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this"; while Hard, str. 67 says: "Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold". However, West 1966, str. 213 line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their "fearsome nature".
^ Hesiod, Theogony 159–172.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 183–199.

Vanjski linkovi

Uran u klasičnoj literaturi i umjetnosti (en)
Uran u grčkoj mitologiji (en)

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[1] "We did not regard them as being in any way worthy of worship," Karl Kerenyi, speaking for the ancient Greeks, said of the Titans (Kerenyi, str. 20); "with the single exception, perhaps, of Cronos; and with the exception, also, of Helios."

[2] As at Homer, Iliad 15.36 ff., Odyssey 5.184 ff.

[3] Grimal, s.v. "Caelus" str. 38.

[4] Varro, De lingua Latina 5.58.

[5] Marion Lawrence, "The Velletri Sarcophagus", American Journal of Archaeology 69.3 (1965), str. 220.

[6] Floro, Epitome 1.40 (3.5.30): "The Jews tried to defend Jerusalem; but he [Pompeius Magnus] entered this city also and saw that grand Holy of Holies of an impious people exposed, Caelum under a golden vine" (Hierosolymam defendere temptavere Iudaei; verum haec quoque et intravit et vidit illud grande inpiae gentis arcanum patens, sub aurea vite Caelum). Finbarr Barry Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Brill, 2001), pp. 81 and 83 (note 118). El Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), str. 252, entry on caelum, cita a Juvenal, Petronio, and Floro como ejemplos de Caelus o Caelum "with reference to Jehovah; also, to some symbolization of Jehovah."

[7] West 2007, p. 137. Originally reconstructed in: Johann Baptist Hofmann, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1950).

[Beekes-8] Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, vol. 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 1128–1129.

[9] West 2007, str. 137.

[10] Hesiod, Theogony 154–155. Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard, str. 67; West 1988, str. 7, and Caldwell, str. 37 on lines 154–160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, str. 10, says "likely all eighteen"; and Most, str. 15 n. 8, says "apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, str. 206 on lines 139–53, str. 213 line 154 γὰρ. Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, str. 10 says: "The reason for [Uranus'] hatred may be [his children's] horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this"; while Hard, str. 67 says: "Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold". However, West 1966, str. 213 line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their "fearsome nature".

[11] Hesiod, Theogony 159–172.

[12] Hesiod, Theogony 183–199.

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