United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
| Fourth Circuit |
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| Court of Appeals |
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| Judgeships |
| Posts: 15 |
| Judges: 15 |
| Vacancies: 0 |
| Judges |
| Chief: Albert Diaz |
| Active judges: Steven Agee, DeAndrea G. Benjamin, Nicole Berner, Albert Diaz, Roger Gregory, Pamela Harris, Toby Heytens, Allison Jones Rushing, Robert King, Paul Niemeyer, A. Marvin Quattlebaum Jr., Julius Richardson, Stephanie Thacker, J. Harvie Wilkinson, James Wynn Senior judges: |
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is a federal appellate court with appellate jurisdiction. It hears appeals from all of the circuit courts within its jurisdiction and its rulings may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Appeals are heard in the Lewis F. Powell Jr. Federal Courthouse in Richmond, Virginia.
This page contains the following information on the Fourth Circuit.
- A list of the court's current vacancies
- A list of the court's active and senior judges
- An overview of the court's jurisdiction
- Selected case management statistics
- A brief history of the court
- Case reversal statistics by the Supreme Court of the United States
- Noteworthy cases heard by the court
- Where the court is located
- Information about U.S. Courts of Appeals
Vacancies
- See also: Current federal judicial vacancies
There are no current vacancies on the Fourth Circuit, out of the court's 15 judicial positions.
Pending nominations
| Judge | Appointed By | Assumed Office | Bachelors | Law |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Amherst College, 2005 |
Harvard Law School, 2010 |
Active judges
Article III judges
| Judge | Appointed By | Assumed Office | Bachelors | Law |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 13, 1984 - |
Yale University, 1967 |
University of Virginia School of Law, 1972 |
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| August 7, 1990 - |
Kenyon College, 1962 |
Notre Dame Law School, 1966 |
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| October 9, 1998 - |
West Virginia University, 1961 |
West Virginia University College of Law, 1968 |
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| July 25, 2001 - |
Virginia State University, 1975 |
University of Michigan Law School, 1978 |
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| July 1, 2008 - |
Bridgewater College, 1974 |
University of Virginia School of Law, 1977 |
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| August 10, 2010 - |
University of North Carolina, 1975 |
Marquette University Law School, 1979 |
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| December 22, 2010 - |
University of Pennsylvania, 1983 |
New York University School of Law, 1988 |
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| April 17, 2012 - |
Marshall University, 1987 |
West Virginia University College of Law, 1990 |
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| July 29, 2014 - |
Yale College, 1985 |
Yale Law School, 1990 |
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| August 20, 2018 - |
Vanderbilt University, 1999 |
University of Chicago Law School, 2003 |
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| September 4, 2018 - |
Rhodes College, 1986 |
University of South Carolina School of Law, 1989 |
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| March 21, 2019 - |
Wake Forest University, 2004 |
Duke University School of Law, 2007 |
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| November 2, 2021 - |
Macalester College, 1997 |
University of Virginia School of Law, 2000 |
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| February 22, 2023 - |
Winthrop University, 1994 |
University of South Carolina, 1997 |
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| March 19, 2024 - |
University of California, Berkeley, 1988 |
University of California, Berkeley School of Law, 1996 |
Active Article III judges by appointing political party
Below is a display of the number of active judges by the party of the appointing president. It does not reflect how a judge may rule on specific cases or their own political preferences.
- Democrat appointed: 8
- Republican appointed: 7
Senior judges
Senior status is a classification for federal judges at all levels who are semi-retired. Senior judges are Article III judges who, having met eligibility through age and service requirements, continue to serve on federal courts while typically hearing a reduced number of cases. Some senior judges, however, elect to retain a full caseload after taking senior status. According to the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts, senior judges "typically handle about 15 percent of the federal courts' workload annually."[1] The date listed under assumed office in the table below reflects the date that the judge took senior status.
| Judge | Appointed By | Assumed Office | Bachelors | Law |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 31, 2018 - |
Davidson College, 1970 |
University of South Carolina School of Law, 1973 |
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| August 31, 2021 - |
Cornell University, 1971 |
George Washington University Law Center, 1974 |
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| December 31, 2021 - |
Wofford College, 1970 |
University of South Carolina School of Law, 1973 |
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| September 30, 2022 - |
Vassar College, 1965 |
University of Virginia School of Law, 1968 |
Senior judges by appointing political party
Below is a display of the number of senior judges by the party of the appointing president. It does not reflect how a judge may rule on specific cases or their own political preferences.
- Democrat appointed: 4
- Republican appointed: 2
Former chief judges
In order to qualify for the office of chief judge in an Article III circuit or district court, or on the United States Court of International Trade, a judge must be in active service and hold seniority over the court's commissioned judges who are 64 years of age or under, have served one year or more, and have not previously served as chief judge.[2]
In the event that no judge on the court meets those qualifications, the youngest judge in regular active service aged 65 years or more and who has served as a judge for one year or more shall become chief judge. If no judge meets those qualifications, the judge holding seniority in active service who has not served as chief before shall become the chief judge.[3][4][5]
The chief judge serves for a term of seven years until another judge becomes eligible to serve in the position. No judge is permitted to serve as chief judge after reaching the age of 70 years unless no other judge is qualified to serve.[3][4][5]
Unlike the chief justice of the United States, a chief judge returns to active service after the expiration of their term and does not create a vacancy on the court by the fact of their promotion.[2][3][4][5]
On the United States Court of Federal Claims, the chief judge is selected by the president of the United States. The judge must be less than 70 years of age. A chief may serve until they reach age 70 or until another judge is designated by the president as the new chief judge. If the president selects a new chief judge, the former chief judge may continue active service on the court for the remainder of their appointed term.[6]
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Former judges
For more information on former judges, see former federal judges of the Fourth Circuit.
Jurisdiction
The Fourth Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard in one of its subsidiary districts. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. Appeals of rulings by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals are petitioned to the Supreme Court of the United States. Chief Justice John Roberts is the circuit justice for the Fourth Circuit.
The court hears appeals from the United States district courts in:
Caseloads
This section contains court management statistics dating back to 2010. It was last updated in September 2024. Click [show] below for more information on caseload terms and definitions.
| Caseload statistics explanation | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Term | Explanation | ||||||||
| Cases filed and terminated | The number of civil and criminal lawsuits formally initiated or decided by the court in a calendar year. The chart below reflects the table columns Cases filed and Cases terminated. | ||||||||
| Average time from filing to disposition | The average amount of time, in months, from a case's date of filing to date of disposition (acquittal, sentencing, dismissal, etc.). The chart below reflects the table columns Median time (Criminal) and Median time (Civil). | ||||||||
| Starting case load | The number of cases pending from the previous calendar year. | ||||||||
| Cases filed | The number of civil and criminal lawsuits formally initiated in a calendar year. | ||||||||
| Cases terminated | The total number of civil and criminal lawsuits decided by the court in a calendar year. | ||||||||
| Remaining cases | The number of civil and criminal cases pending at the end of a given year. | ||||||||
| Median time (Criminal) | The average amount of time, in months, from a case's date of filing to the date of disposition. In criminal cases, the date of disposition occurs on the day of sentencing or acquittal/dismissal. | ||||||||
| Median time (Civil) | The average amount of time, in months, from a case's date of filing to the date of disposition. | ||||||||
| Three-year civil cases | The number and percent of civil cases that were filed more than three years before the end of the given calendar year. | ||||||||
| Vacant posts | The number of months during the year an authorized judgeship was vacant. | ||||||||
| Trial/Post | The number of trials completed divided by the number of authorized judgeships on the court. Trials include evidentiary trials, hearings on temporary restraining orders, and preliminary injunctions. | ||||||||
| United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit caseload stats, 2010-2023 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Appeals Filed | Appeals Terminated | Pending Appeals | Terminations on the Merits (per Active Judge) | Procedural Terminations (per Active Judge) | Total Written Decisions (per Active Judge) | Number of Judgeships | Number of Sitting Senior Judges | Number of Vacant Judgeship Months | Median Time From Filing Notice of Appeal to Disposition | |
| 2010 | 4,784 | 4,757 | 3,104 | 644 | 206 | 224 | 15 | 1 | 33 | 10 | |
| 2011 | 4,637 | 5,165 | 2,577 | 755 | 182 | 250 | 15 | 1 | 18 | 8 | |
| 2012 | 5,125 | 5,329 | 2,375 | 799 | 55 | 260 | 15 | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
| 2013 | 4,969 | 5,013 | 2,326 | 725 | 50 | 234 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 5 | |
| 2014 | 4,727 | 4,843 | 2,224 | 698 | 55 | 231 | 15 | 2 | 5 | 5 | |
| 2015 | 4,831 | 4,541 | 2,514 | 606 | 46 | 198 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 5 | |
| 2016 | 6,227 | 6,240 | 2,501 | 942 | 52 | 305 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 4 | |
| 2017 | 4,319 | 4,532 | 2,285 | 629 | 60 | 201 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 6 | |
| 2018 | 4,363 | 4,168 | 2,480 | 530 | 50 | 165 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
| 2019 | 4,768 | 4,226 | 3,022 | 523 | 50 | 161 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 6 | |
| 2020 | 4,408 | 4,124 | 3,306 | 519 | 47 | 163 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 7 | |
| 2021 | 4,198 | 4,339 | 3,167 | 541 | 41 | 167 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 8 | |
| 2022 | 3,827 | 3,981 | 3,011 | 517 | 40 | 163 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 8 | |
| 2023 | 3,647 | 3,858 | 2,800 | 504 | 44 | 160 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 9 | |
| Average | 4,631 | 4,651 | 2,692 | 638 | 70 | 206 | 15 | 2 | 6 | 6 | |
History
Court history
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit was originally the United States Circuit Court for the Fourth Circuit and cases were heard by a district court judge and the Supreme Court justice appointed to the district. In 1869, a judgeship was created for each of the existing nine circuits allowing the circuit court to hear cases without a justice.[7][8]
The Fourth Circuit was created by the Evarts Act of 1891. The court served as a trial and appeals court until 1912 when its original jurisdiction was removed by the Judicial Code of 1911 and it became solely an appellate court.[9]
Judicial posts
The following table highlights the development of judicial posts for the Fourth Circuit:[8]
| Year | Statute | Total Seats |
| March 3, 1891 | 26 Stat. 826 | 2 |
| September 14, 1922 | 42 Stat. 837 | 3 |
| May 19, 1961 | 75 Stat. 80 | 5 |
| March 18, 1966 | 80 Stat. 75 | 7 |
| October 20, 1978 | 92 Stat. 1629 | 10 |
| July 10, 1984 | 98 Stat. 333 | 11 |
| December 1, 1990 | 104 Stat. 5089 | 15 |
Reversal rate
Since 2007, SCOTUS has released opinions in 1,250 cases. Of those, it reversed a lower court decision 891 times (71.3 percent) while affirming a lower court decision 347 times (27.8 percent).
In that time period, SCOTUS has decided 58 cases originating from the Fourth Circuit, affirming in 22 cases and reversing in 36 cases, for a reversal rate of 62.1 percent. As of the end of the 2023 term, of the Article III circuits—the ordinal circuits, the D.C. Circuit, and the Federal Circuit—the court with the lowest rate of overturned decisions is the Fourth Circuit at 62.1 percent.
Noteworthy cases
The following are noteworthy cases heard before this court. To suggest cases we should cover here, email us. To read opinions published by this court, click here.
| • Fourth Circuit rules Maryland's drug price regulations unconstitutional (2018) | Click for summary→ |
|---|---|
| On April 13, 2018, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that a Maryland law intended to regulate drug prices and prevent price gouging violated the dormant commerce clause of the United States Constitution. In a 2-1 decision, the court concluded that the law was unconstitutional "because it directly regulates the price of transactions that occur outside Maryland." The court wrote, "Maryland cannot, even in an effort to protect its consumers from skyrocketing prescription drug costs, impose its preferences in this manner."[10] The court wrote that the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution implicitly prohibited states from interfering or burdening interstate commerce, meaning that "a State may not regulate commerce occurring wholly outside of its borders." The law at issue, the court concluded, "is not fixated on the price the Maryland consumer ultimately pays for the drug. Instead, the lawfulness of a price increase is measured according to the price the manufacturer or wholesaler charges in the initial sale of the drug," which could take place outside the state. Therefore, the court ruled, the law violated the Constitution. One judge dissented, arguing that the law at issue "does not implicate the concerns that lie at the heart of the Supreme Court’s dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence."[11]
Articles: | |
| • Obamacare subsidies receive conflicting treatment in the circuits (2014) | Click for summary→ |
|---|---|
| A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit found that subsidies distributed through the federal healthcare exchange are legal. At the time of the case, 87% of the people who received healthcare coverage through the federal Obamacare exchange also received subsidies to make the coverage affordable. The panel of judges, which included Roger Gregory, Stephanie Thacker and Andre Davis, held that the subsidies were intended not only for citizens of states which chose to set up their own marketplaces, but for all taxpayers, even if their states chose not to set up a marketplace. A contradictory ruling from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was issued the same day. The Supreme Court would rule on King v. Burwell in 2015, finding that the subsidies were legal.
Articles: | |
| • Challenge to Virginia ban on same-sex marriage appeal (2014) Judge(s):Henry Floyd, Roger Gregory and Paul Niemeyer (Bostic v. Rainey, et al, No. 14-1173) | Click for summary→ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Judge Henry Floyd wrote the 2-1 opinion affirming the Eastern District of Virginia's ruling that found a ban on same-sex marriages to be unconstitutional. Judge Roger Gregory joined the majority opinion and Paul Niemeyer wrote the dissent. The majority found that the law violated the Fourteenth Amendment's due process and equal protection clauses. Judge Floyd wrote in conclusion:
In dissent, Judge Paul Niemeyer wrote that the United States Constitution did not explicitly define a fundamental right for same-sex marriages, so the issue should be left to the states to decide. He wrote:
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| • Copyright suit over NFL Baltimore Ravens logo (2013) Judge(s):Harvie Wilkinson, Allyson Duncan, and Albert Diaz (Bouchat v. Baltimore Ravens Limited Partnership, et al, 12-2543) | Click for summary→ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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On December 17, 2013, a three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit, composed of Judges Harvie Wilkinson, Allyson Duncan and Albert Diaz, found that the Baltimore Ravens' and National Football League's (NFL) use of the team's old "Flying B" logo did not infringe upon plaintiff Frederick Bouchat's copyright.[14] In the underlying case, Bouchat, an amateur artist, proposed a new logo for the Ravens after the team moved to Baltimore in 1995. The Ravens then presented a logo that Bouchat said was similar to the one he had suggested. Bouchat obtained a copyright on his original drawing and filed suit, ultimately winning the case but without damages awarded. Several years later, the Ravens again changed the team logo, but Bouchat alleged infringement once more, and attempted to prevent the team and the NFL from using its previous "Flying B" logo in documentary films and photographs. The district court found that the defendants' use was fair.[14] Judge Wilkinson, writing for the majority, affirmed the lower court's decision, noting that the use of Bouchat's copyrighted work was transformative (i.e., it was used for a different purpose than its original one). Wilkinson further stated:
The use of the Ravens logo, as negligible and incidental as it was, failed to rise to the level of "the type of commercial use frowned upon" by copyright law. Bouchat was not awarded any damages.[14] | ||||
| • Occupy Columbia may file suit against state officials (2013) Judge(s):William Traxler, Stephanie Thacker, and Robert King (Occupy Columbia, et al v. Haley, et al, 13-1258) | Click for summary→ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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On December 16, 2013, a three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit, composed of Chief Judge William Traxler and Judges Stephanie Thacker and Robert King, found that members of Occupy Columbia who were arrested in November of 2011 for supposed violations of state curfew may file suit against various state officials.[15][16][17] In the underlying case, South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley (R) enforced a curfew restriction against members of Occupy Columbia, a group that initiated 24-hour per day protests on the grounds of the State House for one month's time. On November 16, 2011, Governor Haley directed police officers to remove Occupy Columbia members who remained on the grounds after 6:00 p.m. Nineteen protesters were arrested, 14 of whom later filed suit alongside Occupy Columbia arguing that their First Amendment rights were violated and seeking injunctive relief and damages. The government officials filed a motion to dismiss, which the district trial court granted in part and denied in part, rejecting their claims of qualified immunity.[15][16] Judge Thacker, writing for the majority, affirmed the lower court's decision, noting that because the protesters alleged a clear violation of their constitutional rights, a qualified immunity defense would not stand. Thacker further stated:
The court found that because Occupy Columbia's First Amendment right to assemble peacefully was infringed upon, the government officials named in the suit, including Governor Haley, were to remain as defendants.[15][16] On February 19, 2014, the group agreed to a settlement with the state government including an overall $192,000 in settlement funds to be distributed among the 19 arrested protestors.[17] | ||||
Before the U.S. Supreme Court
This section focuses on cases the U.S. Supreme Court heard that originated in this court. To suggest cases we should cover here, email us.
2024-2025 term
The following case was scheduled for argument before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2024-2025 term.
| 2024-2025 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 4th Circuit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Opinion author | Decision | Vote |
| Lackey v. Stinnie | TBD | TBD | TBD |
2023-2024 term
The following cases were heard for argument before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2023-2024 term.
| 2023-2024 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 4th Circuit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Opinion author | Decision | Vote |
| Truck Insurance Exchange v. Kaiser Gypsum Company, Inc. | Sonia Sotomayor | reversed and remanded | 8-0[18] |
2022-2023 term
The following cases were heard before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2022-2023 term.
| 2022-2023 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 4th Circuit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Opinion author | Decision | Vote |
| Dupree v. Younger | Amy Coney Barrett | vacated and remanded | 9-0 |
| Pugin v. Garland | Brett Kavanaugh | reversed and remanded | 6-3 |
| Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina | John Roberts | reversed | 6-3 |
2021-2022 term
The following cases were heard before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2021-2022 term.
| 2021-2022 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 4th Circuit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Opinion author | Decision | Vote |
| Cochran v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore (Consolidated with American Medical Association v. Cochran and Oregon v. Cochran)[19] |
N/A | Dismissed | N/A |
| United States v. Taylor | Neil Gorsuch | affirmed | 7-2 |
| Berger v. North Carolina State Conference of the NAACP | Neil Gorsuch | reversed | 8-1 |
| Siegel v. Fitzgerald | Sonia Sotomayor | Reversed and remanded | 9-0 |
2020-2021 term
The following cases were heard before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2020-2021 term.
| 2020-2021 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 4th Circuit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Opinion author | Decision | Vote |
| Johnson v. Guzman Chavez | Samuel Alito | reversed | 6-3 |
| BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore | Neil Gorsuch | vacated and remanded | 7-1 |
| United States v. Gary | Brett Kavanaugh | reversed | 8-1 |
2019-2020 term
The following cases were heard before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2019-2020 term.
| 2019-2020 U.S. Supreme Court cases from the 4th Circuit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Opinion author | Decision | Vote |
| Mathena v. Malvo | NA | Dismissed | NA |
| Allen v. Cooper | Elena Kagan | affirmed | 9-0 |
| United States Forest Service v. Cowpasture River Preservation Association | Clarence Thomas | reversed and remanded | 7-2 |
| United States Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B.V. | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | affirmed | 8-1 |
| Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants Inc. | Brett Kavanaugh | affirmed | 6-3 |
Federal courthouse
The Fourth Circuit is housed in the Lewis F. Powell, Jr. United States Courthouse in Richmond, Virginia. The building, built from 1855 to 1858, originally served as Richmond's Custom House, Post Office, and Courthouse. It was built in the Italianate style, popular in the mid-to-late nineteenth century. The building was designed by Ammi B. Young, the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department and used iron beams and girders, a new concept in 1855. The main materials used in the construction of the building are steel, granite, and limestone. Additions to the building were added in 1889, 1912 and 1932.
When Richmond was named the capital of the Confederacy during the Civil War, the courthouse was used as offices for Confederate President Jefferson Davis. The courthouse was one of two buildings to survive in historic Richmond after the city was burned to the ground by the Confederate Army at the end of the war. After the Civil War, Davis was indicted for treason on the third floor of the building but was granted amnesty.
The courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The Post Office had left the building by 1991 leaving the building to function solely in a judicial role. The courthouse was named in honor of Associate Justice Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. by President Bill Clinton (D) in 1993.[20]
About United States Courts of Appeal
The United States courts of appeals (or circuit courts) are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal courts. The court of appeals was originally created in 1891 and has grown to include thirteen courts.
A court of appeals decides appeals from any of the district courts that are in its federal judicial circuit. The appeals courts also can hear appeals from some administrative agencies. Decisions of the federal appeals courts can, in turn, be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
There are thirteen United States courts of appeals. In addition, there are other federal courts (such as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which hears appeals in court-martial cases) that have "Court of Appeals" in their titles.
The eleven "numbered" circuits and the D.C. Circuit are defined by geography. The thirteenth court of appeal is the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. This court has nationwide jurisdiction over certain types of appeals based on what the underlying legal case is about.
All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some administrative agency decisions and rulemaking. The largest share of this type of case is heard by the D.C. Circuit. The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts, primarily the Court of International Trade and the Court of Federal Claims, as well as appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters.
Federal circuit court judges are appointed for life. They are paid approximately $179,500 annually. At the age of 65, a federal judge may choose to retire with his or her full salary. Judges may also choose to go on senior status at age 65, if they have served actively for 15 years.[21]
Appointments by president
The chart below shows the number of appeals court judges confirmed by the U.S. Senate through November 1 of the fourth year of each president's term in office. At this point in the term, President Trump had the most appeals court appointments with 53.
Judges by circuit
- See also: Judicial vacancies in federal courts
The table below displays the number of judges in each circuit and indicates how many were appointed by presidents from each major political party. It also includes the number of vacancies on a circuit and how many pending nominations for that circuit are before the United States Senate. The table can be sorted by clicking the column headers above the line. It is updated every Monday.
See also
- Federal courts
- Federal judge
- United States Court of Appeals
- United States District Court for the District of Maryland
- United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
- United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina
- United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina
- United States District Court for the District of South Carolina
- United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
- United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
- United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia
- United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia
External links
- Website of the Fourth Circuit
- Judges of the Fourth Circuit
- Opinions of the Fourth Circuit
- Federal Judicial Center - About the Fourth Circuit
Footnotes
- ↑ United States Courts, "FAQs: Federal Judges: What is a senior judge?" accessed December 19, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 United States Courts, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed January 25, 2022
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 136 - Chief judges; precedence of district judges," accessed January 25, 2022
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 258 - Chief judges; precedence of judges," accessed January 25, 2022
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 45 - Chief judges; precedence of judges," accessed January 25, 2022
- ↑ Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "28 U.S. Code § 171 - Appointment and number of judges; character of court; designation of chief judge," accessed January 25, 2022
- ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "The U.S. Circuit Courts and the Federal Judiciary," accessed June 9, 2021
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Federal Judicial Center, "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit: Legislative History," accessed June 9, 2021
- ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "The U.S. Courts of Appeals and the Federal Judiciary," accessed June 9, 2021
- ↑ Governing, "Maryland's First-in-Nation Drug Price Regulations Ruled Unconstitutional," April 17, 2018
- ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, "Association for Accessible Medicines v. Frosh Opinion," April 13, 2018
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, "Bostic v. Rainey," July 28, 2014
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Courthouse News Service, "Old NFL Ravens Logo Won't Cost Team Again," December 19, 2013
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Live 5 News, "Court: Occupy can sue Gov. Haley over arrests," December 16, 2013
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 National Law Journal, "Fourth Circuit Green-Lights Suit Over Occupy Arrests," December 16, 2013
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 The Post and Courier, "Occupy Columbia Settles Lawsuit with Gov. Nikki Haley," February 26, 2014
- ↑ Justice Samuel Alito recused himself from the case.
- ↑ American Medical Association v. Cochran and Oregon v. Cochran originated from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit. Click here for updates on these cases.
- ↑ United States General Services Administration, "Lewis F. Powell, Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Richmond, VA," accessed April 7, 2014
- ↑ United States Courts, "FAQs: Federal Judges," accessed May 5, 2021
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