폴란드의 아나키즘

Anarchism in Poland
2013년 브록와프에서 노동자의 날 시위 중 무정부주의 블록
다음에 대한 시리즈 일부
아나키즘
"Circle-A" anarchy symbol
사상의 학교
사람
문제들
역사
문화
경제학
지역별
목록
관련 항목

Anarchism in Poland first developed at the turn of the 20th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and from Russia.[1]

Prior to Polish independence from the Russian Empire, several anarchist organizations emerged within the area that would become the Second Polish Republic. The first of these, known as "The Struggle", formed in Białystok in 1903. In the following years similar organizations established themselves in Gniezno, Warsaw, Łódź, Siedlce, Częstochowa, Kielce, and other towns. One of the most active, a group known as "International", had its base in Warsaw. This group, composed of Jewish workers, organized strikes throughout the city during the Polish insurrection of 1905.[2]

The tsarist régime (which controlled much of Poland before 1914) acted with a high level of despotism. The authorities commonly fired on demonstrating workers. In January 1906 the authorities arrested sixteen members of the International group and shot them without trial.[3]

Significant Polish theorists of anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism included Edward Abramowski (1868-1918), Jan Wacław Machajski (1866–1926), Augustyn Wróblewski (1866–1923) and Rafał Górski (1973–2010).

History

Anarchist movement during the partitions

The pioneers of the Polish anarchist movement were the movement of Polish Brethren, active in the 16th century. It was one of the Protestant currents with a clearly anti-state, anti-war and communist attitude. Among the Brethren, there were representatives of commoners, bourgeoisie and nobility. They professed the principle of brotherhood of all people. They refused military and state service, condemned the death penalty, and rejected the possibility of having landed estates benefiting from the serfdom of peasants.[4]

The beginnings of the Polish anarchist movement can also be traced to the circles of the nineteenth-century radical democracy. It leaned towards the idea of communal administration, and thus the self-government of communes, combining democratic freedom and equality with a strong moral bond. Joachim Lelewel, for example, referred to the rules of communal administration. The Polish Democratic Society also referred to this idea. The development of the theory of communal rule was influenced by contacts with European anarchism. Although Polish democrats were not too interested in Proudhon's works, the views of the Pan-Slavist Mikhail Bakunin were warmly received. Many Polish emigrants ended up in the Bakuninian Society of International Brothers. Polish supporters of anarchism tried to combine the traditions of the commune with new forms of action, like strikes.[5]

In 1864, the Polish Republican Center was established. It was founded by Józef Hauke-Bosak, Ludwik Bulewski and Leon Zienkowicz. It was the Polish section of the Universal Republican Alliance, created by Giuseppe Mazzini.

In each of the partitions, anarchism took a slightly different shape. In the fairly liberal Austrian Partition, where reformist tendencies prevailed, anarcho-syndicalism was the most popular among anarchists. The situation was different in the Russian Partition, where only a revolutionary struggle was possible. In the Prussian Partition, the socialist movement, and thus anarchism, could count on little support.[6]

Daniel Grinberg points out that the first Polish group known by name to refer to anarchism was the Polish Social-Revolutionary Society, operating in 1872 among Polish emigrants in Zurich.[7] Influenced by Bakunin, it adopted an anarchist agenda. However, when Józef Tokarzewicz joined the organization, he created a new program, the idea of the stateless nature of the future Polish society, present in the Bakuninist version, was abandoned.

Another anarchist organization was Free Brethren. This group functioned in 1897 in Galicia, among teachers and junior high school students from Kraków. Its program, apart from anarchist ideas, also contained folk and national-democratic themes. The Free Brethren approved of individual terror.[8]

In 1903, an anarchist group called Walka was established in Białystok on the initiative of Jewish weavers. Combat activists established contact with the circles of the Russian organization Land and Liberty and Western anarchist groups organizing the transfer of instructional materials, money and weapons. The fight practiced economic terror and agitated among the unemployed in the Białystok region. The biggest actions of the conflict were: the successful attack on the district office in Krynki, where the anarchists managed to obtain large amounts of passport forms; shooting the chief of the Białystok police; an attempt to assassinate the scab-employing factory owner Kogan in 1904.[7]

Meeting of the Black Banner (1906).

With the outbreak of the 1905 Russian Revolution, new anarchist groups began to appear in Poland. That same year, an anarcho-communist organization called the Black Banner was founded in Białystok by Juda Grossman-Roszczin. According to some estimates, the Black Banner groups in Białystok alone numbered around 500 people. In 1906, they created a strong federation that included Polish and Jewish weavers, tanners, furriers, tailors and carpenters.[9] The Black Knights – as they were also called[10] – advocated economic terror, and above all a so-called unmotivated terror directed at all representatives of the bourgeoisie.[11] The Black Banner was also active, for example, in Vilnius.[9]

In 1905, a group of about 120 people called the International was active in Warsaw. This organization announced a manifesto calling for a general strike, conducted agitation among Warsaw workers, organized sabotage, set bakeries on fire and distributed bread to the poorest.[9] In the same year, there was also the Warsaw Anarchist-Communist Group "Internacyjnyał", which carried out bomb attacks and extorted money from wealthy entrepreneurs. The "Internacyjnyał" group also carried out a lively propaganda activity.[12] One of its appeals read:

Forward brothers, for the great struggle of which all tyrants so fear, forward for anarchist communism and social revolution! Death to tyrants and the bourgeoisie! Death to multiple owners and dictators! Down with private property and its defenders Democrats! Long live the solidarity of the class struggle of the proletariat! Long live the social revolution! Long live anarchist communism!

— Our fight is hard, but it is fruitful – the appeal of the "International" group of October 1905, [in:] Appeals and proclamations of Polish anarchist groups[13]

전 사회주의자인 아우구스틴 로블레스키는 오스트리아 칸막이에서 활동했다. 그는 크라코프에 그룹을 만들었는데, 그 단체의 언론 기구는 아나코 신디컬 잡지 "스프라와 로보트니차"였다. 그러나 갈리시아 아나르코 신디컬리스트 운동은 크게 발전한 적이 없다.[14]

폴란드에서 활동하는 단체들은 종종 테러로 기울어졌지만, 무정부주의와 관련된 폴란드 사상가들은 오히려 평화적이고 더 건설적인 해결책을 선호했다. "엄격한 의미에서 무정부주의자라기보다는 반항적인 마르크스주의자였다"는 마차즈스키와는 별도로 에드워드 아브라모스키, 아우구스틴 로블레스키, 요제프 지엘리우스키에 대해 언급해야 한다.[15]

폴란드 제2공화국의 무정부주의 운동

주로 사회주의자들의 작품이었던 폴란드가 독립을 되찾으면서 무정부주의자들은 어려운 상황에 처하게 되었다. 사회주의자들과 피우수드스키의 정책에 대한 무정부주의자들과 공산주의자들의 공동 반대는 두 집단을 함께 밀어붙였다. 그러나 무정부주의 운동이 제3인터내셔널에서 이탈하자 폴란드 무정부주의 단체들도 공산당과의 접촉을 끊었다. 무정부주의자들은 5월 쿠데타를 비난한 유일한 좌파 단체였으며, 1926년 이후 각 정부는 파시스트라는 딱지가 붙었다.[16]

1926년 폴란드 무정부주의 연방(AFP)이 설립되었다. 이 단체는 제2차 세계대전이 발발할 때까지 지하에서 활동했는데, 무정부주의를 조장하는 것만으로도 몇 년 징역형을 선고받았기 때문이다. AFP는 이전에 폴란드 왕국과 리투아니아의 사회민주주의에 속했던 바르샤바 목공들의 모임에 합류한 시오니즘 청년들에 의해 만들어졌다. 이 기구는 바르샤바, 우드드, 크라쿠프, 체스토코와, 타르누프 등에서 활동했다. AFP는 파업과 시위에 참가했다. 처음에는 「그와스 아나키스티」를, 1931년부터는 「계급투쟁」[17]을 발표하였다.

Due to repression, there was also political emigration. In 1923, a group of anarchists emigrated to Paris, where they founded the Group of Polish Anarchists in France and the publishing house "Nowa Epoka", publishing anarchist authors, including Rudolf Rocker and Alexander Berkman. The published texts were then smuggled to Poland.

Meeting of the ZZZ in 1935.

The Union of Trade Unions (Polish: Związek Związków Zawodowych, ZZZ) was established in May 1931 as a result of an attempt to unite pro-social trade unions. It operated until 1939 and was one of the three largest union centers in the country. It was pro-government at first, but under the influence of anarchists, it began to lean towards radical syndicalism from 1936 onward. Soon it became the target of police and judicial repression, and their efforts were finally interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.[18] The main anarchist activist in ZZZ was Tomasz Pilarski.

In October 1939, the Union of Polish Syndicalists (Polish: Związek Syndykalistów Polskich, ZSP) was established in Warsaw. In 1939 it operated under the name of the "Freedom and People" Union. The ZSP disregarded anarchism and represented the so-called "Polish version of syndicalism" – it accepted the institution of the socialized state. The organization conducted self-help, publishing and military activities. The ZSP units such as the 104th Company of Syndicalists fought in the Warsaw uprising, in the Kampinos Forest, in the Magnuszew region and in the Sandomierz-Opatów region. ZSP co-founded the Żegota Council to Aid Jews. The last meeting of the ZSP leadership was held in January 1945 in Brwinów near Warsaw.[19] In 1940, the Syndicalist Organization "Freedom" (Polish: Syndykalistyczna Organizacja „Wolność", SOW) was established in Warsaw. It was created on the basis of anarcho-syndicalists from ZZZ and part of the Union of Polish Democratic Youth.

In 1941, the Polish Union for the Fight for the Freedom of Nations[a] joined the SOW. SOW criticized the so-called "Polish version of syndicalism" promoted by the ZSP. The Syndicalist Organization "Freedom" advocated the creation of a Social Republic – a grassroots federation of workers and local self-governments. SOW was active in Warsaw, Ursus, Kielce, Skarżysko, Jędrzejów and Kraków. The organization ceased its activity after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising. The pre-war activists of the AFP cooperated with the SOW: Paweł Lew Marek, Bernard Konrad Świerczyński, Stefan Julian Rosłoniec.[19]

1945–1980

제2차 세계대전이 끝난 후 AFP는 폴란드 아나르코 신디칼리스트 연방(폴란드어: 페데라크자 폴스키치 아나르코신디칼리스토프, FPAS). 그러나 이 조직은 1950년대 초에 해체되었다.[20] 1946년 출판 협동 조합인 "Word"는 무정부주의자에 의해 우로드에 설립되었다. 공산당의 독자적인 협력 운동의 청산으로 1949년 9월 1일 활동을 중단하였다.

아나키즘은 1960년대에도 폴란드에 그것의 지지자들을 가지고 있었다. 예를 들어 헨리크 슈타예프스키, 아카디아 루추, 8일극장 등의 활동에서 무정부주의 테마는 주로 예술적 환경에 존재했다.

1980년 이후의 아나키즘

시위 중 이니차티와 프라카운니차 기치(2020)

마르크스주의를 언급하는 당국에게 무정부주의는 이념적으로 가깝지 않았다. 정부 기구에 의한 탄압은 무정부주의자들이 정치적 토대 위에서 자신들의 활동을 전개하지 않은 더 중요한 이유 중 하나였다. 폴란드의 무정부주의 운동은 사회 항의의 물결이 일었던 1980년대에 들어서야 대규모로 형성되기 시작했다. 반문화와 펑크 하위문화의 역할은 폴란드에서 무정부주의 운동을 재활성화하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 했다.

무정부주의를 처음 언급한 집단은 대안사회운동(폴란드어: RSA(Ruch Sopweczeństwa Alteratywnego, RSA).[b] 1983년 6월은 상징적인 시작이라고 여겨진다. RSA는 당시 당국에 반대하는 많은 그룹 중 하나였다.

80년대 말에 RSA의 주도로 아나키스트 인터시티(Anarchist Inter-city)가 설립되었고, 시간이 흐르면서 아나키스트 연방(폴란드어: Federację Anarchistyczną, FA. 현재 FA는 바르샤바, 포즈나, 우드, 레즈조프, 브로스와프 등 많은 폴란드 도시에 지사를 두고 있다.[22]

포즈나슈에는 FA의 포즈나슈 부문과 로스브랏 스쿼트와 연계한 형제단 '트로즈카'의 출판사가 있다. '트로이카' 형제협회의 역사는 무정부주의 사상을 대중화하기 위해 설립된 1994년으로 거슬러 올라간다. 처음에 트로이카는 작은 책자를 냈지만, 지금은 자체 간행물을 비롯한 다른 간행물을 배포하고 있다. 트로이카 출판물에는 무정부주의 고전 작품과 동시대의 작가들이 쓴 책들이 모두 포함되어 있다.[23]

After 1980, many groups unrelated to the RSA and FA were also created. Nowadays, anarchism is also referred to by, among others, the Workers' Initiative, the Left Alternative, the "Freedom-Equality-Solidarity" Association, and the Union of Polish Syndicalists.

The group that was openly formed in opposition to the FA and RSA circles was the People's Liberation Front (Polish: Ludowy Front Wyzwolenia, LFW), whose members, considering the peaceful methods of struggle to be ineffective, called for a transition to violent direct action. In 1991, the group set fire to the Soviet consulate in Tricity in response to the KGB murder of the Russian anarchist Piotr Siuda. The emergence of the LFW was the first attempt since the pre-war times to reactivate the armed activities of the anarchist movement.

Nowadays, the most radical forms of activity are referred to by the Internet portals Greece on Fire[24] (also an informal publishing house[25]), as well as Black Theory.[26] In the published content, they sometimes express their support for the ideology of insurrection.[27][28]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Polish Union for the Struggle for Freedom of Nations was established in December 1939 in Kielce. It was an internationalist and anarcho-syndicalist organization.
  2. ^ At first, the young oppositionists from the RSA did not know the doctrine of anarchism. They did not make contact with the pre-war anarchists who were still alive. During the People's Republic of Poland, only a dozen or so books devoted to anarchism, which can be described as monographs, were published. Most of them have been developed in a careless, superficial and non-neutral way.[21]
  1. ^ "1903–1981: Anarchism in Poland".
  2. ^ Nagorski, R. (1977). "History of the Anarchist Movement in Poland". Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review (2): 20–22.
  3. ^ Rocker, Rudolf (2005). The London Years. Nottingham: Five Leaves Publications. p. 110. ISBN 1-904859-22-4.
  4. ^ Kaczmarek 2004, p. 5.
  5. ^ Kaczmarek 2004, p. 5-7.
  6. ^ Chwedoruk, p. 2.
  7. ^ a b Grinberg 1997, p. 1.
  8. ^ Grinberg 1997, p. 4.
  9. ^ a b c Grinberg 1997, p. 2.
  10. ^ Korzec 1965, p. 212.
  11. ^ Korzec 1965, p. 211.
  12. ^ Szczepański 1999, p. 31.
  13. ^ Kaczmarek 2002, p. 5.
  14. ^ Chwedoruk, p. 3.
  15. ^ Grinberg 1997, p. 5.
  16. ^ Chwedoruk, p. 4.
  17. ^ Marek 2006, p. 311.
  18. ^ Marek 2006, p. 323.
  19. ^ a b Marek 2006, p. 322.
  20. ^ Marek 2006, p. 312.
  21. ^ Kaczmarek 2008, pp. 152–178.
  22. ^ "Sekcje FA" (in Polish). Federacja Anarchistyczna. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Bractwo Trojka" (in Polish). 2 January 2020.
  24. ^ "Grecja w Ogniu" (in Polish). Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  25. ^ "Książka". Grecja w Ogniu. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020.
  26. ^ "Czarna Teoria". Czarna Teoria.
  27. ^ "ABC Insurekcjonizmu" (in Polish). Grecja w Ogniu. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020.
  28. ^ "Teoria" (in Polish). Czarna Teoria. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020.

Bibliography

  • Marek, Lew Paweł (2006). Na krawędzi życia. Wspomnienia anarchisty 1943–44 (in Polish). Kraków: Anarchistyczna Federacja Polski – Suplement C.
  • Antonów, Radosław (2004). Pod czarnym sztandarem. Anarchizm w Polsce po 1980. roku (in Polish). Wrocław.
  • Chwedoruk, Rafał. Polish Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism in the 20th century. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  • Grinberg, Daniel (1997). Z dziejów polskiego anarchizmu (in Polish). Zielona Góra.
  • Kaczmarek, D., ed. (2002). "Ciężka jest nasza walka, ale za to owocna – odezwa grupy „Internacjonał" z października 1905 r.". Odezwy i proklamacje polskich grup anarchistycznych (in Polish). Poznań. p. 5.
  • Kaczmarek, Damian (2004). Początki anarchizmu polskiego. Rys historyczny z wyborem publikacji źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań.
  • Kaczmarek, D. (2008). "Anarchizm w publikacjach zwartych w okresie PRL". Przegląd Anarchistyczny (in Polish). 7: 152–178.
  • Korzec, Paweł (1965). Pół wieku dziejów ruchu rewolucyjnego Białostocczyzny (1864–1914) (in Polish). Książka i Wiedza.
  • Szczepański, Tomasz (1999). Ruch anarchistyczny na ziemiach polskich zaboru rosyjskiego w dobie rewolucji 1905–1907 (in Polish). Mielec.

External links