Migratory Aspects of Inhabitants of Indus Valley Civilization- A Historical Perspective.

Byline: Loung V. Umedani and Phuloo Meghwar

Abstract

Knowledge about the creation of human being, its first place of settlement and subsequent geographical migratory patterns are controversial. Scientific and religious scholars commonly agree on the genesis of life in the sea water. In past, the entire globe had been submerged under the sea water multiple number of times. This used to be followed by re-immerging of earth with evolutions in biologic forms and creation of new human generations, settlements and migrations.

Indus valley is a crucial place from migratory patterns of population, coming from other places around the world which got settled here and vice versa. We hypothesize that there is a genetic-link between inhabitants of many global areas with those of Indus Valley and vice versa. This aspect helps to understand that races at global level share genealogies. The ultimate genetic makeup of individuals would be subjected to environmental and local geographical factors to generate the further genetic traits of some kind. Indus valley civilization had contributed towards beneficial genetic traits.

The Arians (civilized) are mistaken for belonging to north but they have actual origin from the Indus Valley. In fact, this population first started to migrate from Indus Valley northwards in globe, stayed there for multiple millenniums and on re-migrating back to the Indus Valley got labeled as Arians. The Mirjats of Sindh possess their migrated version called Gypsies presently settled in Europe etc. Subcontinent had given clans to Arabian areas and got some of them back to Sindh in historical past. There is an admixture of genealogy from multiple European Races and other global areas to Indus region and vice versa.

Marital pattern had been subjected not only to the influence of religion but also to the social and economic status and physical look. Such relations result in exchange of genetic material among far-flung areas and countries around the world. One of the ways to understand the global genetic relations is to read the script of ancient languages. It is highly imperative that the scriptures obtained from ruins of Mohen-jo-Daro etc. should be read as done elsewhere in the world to explore linkages of civilizations and genealogies at global level.

The findings of such linkage can be subjected to further analysis and confirmation by the scientific methods by using DNA based genetic linkage studies for various world nations. Such studies will reduce international conflicts and make the world a better global home.

Key Words: Ancient civilizations, Genetic linkage, Creation, Migratory patterns, Genealogy, Arians, Dravidians, Gypsies, Mohen- jo-Daro, History of Indus Valley.

Scientific and Religious Aspects Related to Origin of Human Life and Creation

The life started in the sea water and was subjected to huge evolution span to generate various biologic forms including the human beings. It is very interesting to think as to where was the first human being created The other aspect to be explored is the various routes of migrations and multiple places of settlements of human beings and societies. Where did the so called civilized man of today inhabit for the very first time What were its health attributes and physiological characteristics

Apart from scientific theories, there are multiple religious beliefs related to creation e.g. creation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and the place of falling of Adam and Eve when they got down from paradise: What is famous from the household word that Adam fell down on Al-Safa and Eve on Al-Marwah (Al-Safa and Al-Marwah are two hills in Mecca and people go in between them seven times in pilgrimage season), and what is famous for the most of Muslims is that Adam fell down on a mount called Sarandeeb (Note: Sarandeeb is the old Arabic name for Ceylon, Sri Lanka now) and it is called Nud also, and Eve did fall in Jeddah, and some people suggested that this is the truth and their presence on Al-Safa and Al-Marwah was after they got into Mecca (01).

Other religious scriptures and philosophies e.g. Puranas, Upnashidas and Rig Vedas give poetic-imagery of creation. There are eighteen main Puranas and each one necessarily devotes space to creation. However the description in each of the Puranas is not identical. According to these, in the beginning the Brihhm (The Absolute and Invisible form of God) pervaded the entire universe. This form will exist forever also. At the time of creation, the Invisible- Brihhm created three supreme divine personalities called the Visible (or the Relative Forms- each known as Brhimaa, Vishnu and Shiva). One of these relative forms called Brhimaa, has the role of creation which was carried out in water taking many thousands of years. The second form called Vishnu or Narayana has the role to sustain and maintain the universe and the third called Shiva has the role to cause annihilation at the end of universe's cycle (02).

It follows that one of the common and interesting idea among the various philosophies and scientific theories attributed to life is that it commenced in water. According to these theories, the creation of human dates back to more than many million years.

Scientists attribute emergence of the modern humans first in East Africa some 100, 000 to 200, 000 years ago. About 60, 000 years ago modern humans came to Eurasia with one group rapidly settling at the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean and the other group migrating northwards to Central Asia (03). The inland group is the founder of North and East Asians i.e. Mongol People, Caucasoid and population of the Middle East and North Africa. Migration from the black sea part into Europe started about 45, 000 years ago, along the Danubian corridor. Entire Europe was settled by 20, 000 years ago. DNA sequence of two Cro-Magnons from the Paglicci cave, Italy, dated to 23, 000 and 24, 000 years old, was identified by the mitochondrial DNA as Haplo group N characteristic of the latter group (04).

The philosophers like Pythagoras and others had given their own way of observations and derived inferences regarding the creation, etc. For instance, historical references point to the first human being created near the bank of Bhunch Ocean about 5 Million years back. The other example is south Indian Sumatra Area that event dates back about 10 Million years. Still other examples of historical import are man of Cro-Magnon (23,000 years old Paglicci-52, and 24,720 years old Paglicci-12); Asker man and Negarsal man discovered from France and China indicate 10 Million years old.

The human creation had been explored at the Indus Valley also at various time periods. In 1977, research scholars mentioned that the first human being was created at Potohar area of Sindh. According to traditional sayings some two crore (20 Millions) years back mountainous areas of Hallar range, Aamri range, Rohri range, all of these existed at one ice level. The various scholars claim that after the ice was dissolved, the first human was created at Rohri Mountains. The other scholars said that the Kheerthar, Amri and Hallar ranges of ancient Sindh were the actual place.

There are claims of such kind raised at some parts of the world and it becomes highly difficult to integrate such kind of multiple scientific and other ideas and settle up one particular place for this event.

Ancient historical perspectives and evolution of human race

No matter where the creation of human race may had its commencement, this event started the ever progressing and ever evolving species including the most important one i.e. mankind. Evolution of this race is a process in continuum with notable phase when it exited in its early stone age followed by the late stone age, agricultural age, tribal age, and civic age to the latest atomic and digital age. The great Sufi and mystic Maulana Rumi writes- I was present for countless years in the stone i.e. in non-living entity, then I lived for numerous years in the biological forms of life and finally as a human". This means that all of the forms where in the man inhabited in ancient past would exist in the human body itself. For instance calcium and other minerals being present in the bones, etc. Mankind species is titled as Ashraf-ul-Makhlukat which means supreme among all the other species.

We shall keep the later aside and concentrate on the original human and the process of races derived from this.

Is the evolution a process occurring in continuum

There are huge breaks in the evolutionary process due to some major events resulting in destruction of biologic forms and commencement of life again and again. Looking at the global environmental changes at the present time, scientifically we can hypothesize occurrence of human race devastation. This time it could be attributed to the global warming to its extreme causing enormous melting of ice. This may result in tremendous increase of water to cause global drowning and stoppage of human race. This would be followed by re-genesis of human species again by evolution and repeating the cycle of migrations and settlements according to existing environmental conditions. The flow of genetic material would have therefore re- started as de-novo after such event of submersion of the human race.

Various religious scriptures point to almost similar happenings and say about cessation of life due to some major interruption affecting the entire globe. Many such major events are mentioned in scriptures e.g. the entire globe sank under water except the boat of Noah harboring couples of major species. Human race afterwards is said to belong to Noah who is thus regarded as second Adam. Events like this are mentioned in many other religious scripture, for instance Vishnu Purana - a scripture from subcontinent, Torah, Original Gospel of Jesus, Bible and the Holy book of David. It follows that after such events, the genealogy of the mankind would have many temporal commencements because our globe might have borne or re-emerged after each of such mega devastation followed by the commencement of new human progenies. These events, no matter how much older they are do point up to the novel body configuration and traits of the present day human.

Hence, the tribes formed from the last survived couple are the final original mankind of the present age which got settled at multiple places in the world and generated further progenies and geographic populations living in different environmental conditions.

Final settlements of human populations

One has to interpret the kinds of settlements based on the facts indicated above; and to look at various factors that determine the migratory aspects and subsequently the final places of inhabitance for appreciably longer periods with exposure to a particular set of environmental, agricultural and dietary factors etc. The environmental, seasonal and nutritional factors resulted in the long term settlement and creation of minor settlements which grew progressively to become mega cities and major populations. Physical human traits (i.e. body build, skin color, beauty, height, weight etc. were dependent on the multiple factors just indicated). Tribes known to settle at the equator e.g. people of Central Africa changed their skin color black because of hot seasons, versus population which settled near Siberia, Russian Turkistan or Europeans areas characterized by the fair skin due to the local climatic or environmental reasons. Settlement aspects of the Subcontinent-misconceptions versus facts The subcontinent region generally and the Indus valley mainly had also undergone major events that affected the entire globe. The temporal sequence of various ethnicities and races settled in the sub- continent region is characterized by multiple historical events. These historical records include the so called controversial time of Aryan's arrival by about 1500 BC. There is a lot of controversy regarding the time and origin of Aryans. Usually, it is mentioned that the Indus valley inhabited Dravidians originally and the Aryans came in Indus valley through north of ancient India. In highly remote ancient past, the original inhabitants of the Indus valley at that time did not accept the Aryans and they were sent back to the north India. But so far as latest research is concerned; and after a thorough study the scholars of Sindh have rejected this idea.

The ground reality is that the Dravidians themselves are the real and original Aryans. This concept has a firm basis backed by the migratory pattern of historical importance. For instance, the ancient inhabitants of the Indus Valley traversed via the present Arabian Sea. At that time the south strip of Sindh (located in Pakistan presently) stretching from south Tharparkar to the present Karachi did not exist. These areas were sub-merged under the sea water. This is evident by studying the geographical pattern of Nangarparkar Hills, Run of Katch and the Thar area itself. All of these areas were lying under the ocean called Sindh Sagar i.e. the present Arabian Sea. The people of ancient Sindh used to travel for trade towards far flung global areas of that time i.e. United Arab Emirates, Yemen to North Africa, and through North Atlantic Ocean, Gibraltar to Spain and multiple places in rest of the Europe. Evidence of permanent settlement of Sindhi Population is also found up in certain global areas.

Map of Ancient Indus valley showing global travelling of the people inhabiting ancient Sindhies for the trade

The Sindhi population that migrated towards Europe and Central Mashhad (city of north east Iran near Turkmenistan and Afghanistan borders, a trade center on caravan routes from Tehran to India) as described above, then moved back via Khyber pass and settled again in Indus valley (now in Pakistan). This shows that this race which is regarded as Aryans by the historians is basically a Dravidian race. The word Aryan literally means civilized. This word is found in millions of years old subcontinent scriptures like Vedas and epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana. These scriptures indicate that the queens used to address their kings by this word Arya!'. The teacher and the learned people were addressed as Acharaya'. The uncivilized populations were termed as Anarya' (a: not, Arya: civilized). We therefore anticipate a common and similar genetic makeup for the both i.e. Dravidian and Aryans.

Hence the genetic analysis of these two populations should be carried out to observe matching attributes in their DNA templates. The Germans and the Iranians used to call the Aryans as superior race than the rest of the population of the subcontinent which was regarded as Anarya (not-civilized). This kind of discrimination is due to lack of knowledge about remote historical facts and apparent fair skin color of these Aryans reaching Indus valley after living there for highly prolonged period in cold climate areas (e.g. Europe). Hence, the Germans and Iranian version of the so called non-Aryans are also apparently members of real Aryan race originally from the Indus valley civilization. Their skin color is not fair due to the local hot climate or the environmental effect. Arians were nothing but the actual people from Indus valley which migrated in remote past, stayed there;

And then returned back by traveling to subcontinent again- they acquired a change in skin color (i.e. from black to fair due to a very long stay in the European climate). The Europeans at one pole and south Asians at the other pole as well as the populations in the intermediate areas had been exchanging their genetic material off and on in the past. They have a kind of blood relation which can be proved by the micro-array studies analyzed at genetic level. Many of the Europeans and Asians share common facial features due to this historic fact- needing confirmation to be carried out by research at the molecular level. Hence, the concept like the Aryans reaching the Indus Valley are a kind of an absolutely different civilized community right from start is not right as explained above.

An interesting historical evidence of the original Sindhi population settlement in Europe is observed in a European race known as Gypsies. This race actually belongs to the Jat sub-ethnicity of Sindh which is presently commonly known as Mirjat in Sindh. Some of the linguistic terminologies of common household items spoken by the Gypsies exactly match to those used by the present Mirjats inhabited in Sindh today. This shows that the Sindhi Mirjats in general and European Gypsies are a genetically similar race; and that the Gypsies are migrated version of Sindhi population. The crockery and kitchen items like wato (flat bowl), katorow (round bowl), thali (plate) and kanjho (bronze metal) are terms used by the present day Mirjats at Sindh as well as by the Gypsies of this age. As the Mirjats are famous wandering tribes of Sindh so are the Gypsies at Europe.

There is a need to screen both the races by scientific methods i.e. research to be carried out at the molecular (DNA) level to elucidate as to whether both the races share genes common to each other The wandering nature of the Jats of Sindh is confirmed by the observations of Shah Abdul Latif of Bhitt- a famous mystic poet of Sindh as well as other scholars and poets. One can find a solid evidence of this aspect by Shah Latif's poems about famous true love-story of Saswee-Punhoo. The facial and body features of people, particularly of the female gender of both the tribes show matching physical attributes. Both the races manifest matching ornaments worn in neck, ears and arms.

The other examples of migration of Sindhies are a set of Sindhi population that moved towards the south India. The examples of the areas inhabited include Madras and Sumatra etc. These areas were physically interconnected for traveling for traders with Sindh. From here they moved northwards and thence to central India (Delhi) etc.

The other Sindhi ethnicity called Sami is related genetically to Arabs. About 2000 years (Before Christ) the Sindh inhabited Sumeri ethnicity. The main issue is where to put up and relate this ethnicity. Whether it belongs genetically to Samis or Sumeris or Aryans or the rest of common Sindhies The scholars point this race as a pure and original Sindhi. The origin of the word Sumeri has its roots in the geography of Sindh. Various locations in Sindh e.g. Sumeri lake, which is a lake of salt near Deeplo in Thar Parkar and Samaro City of Tharparkar are some of the important supportive evidences about this matter. Traditionally, the geographical words and symptoms witness the originality of the tribes and give a clue of existence of various races and nations. The famous crops of Sindh (sugar cane kamand', wheat and rice saryoon' etc.) were rare in the area called Sumer. The following common ancient saying in Sindh supports this idea.

Sumer mein na saryoon, Kallar mein na kamand, Har hari aeen daand, Kuh janaa kahra!

Translation: The rice doesn't exist in Sumer, Sugar cane doesn't grow in this salty land, Ploughs, oxen and farmers, are unknown to the Sumeri people

The ethnicities that belong to the Sumeries at present era are Arabs, Iberians, Kaldanians and Iranians. It follows that the Sindhi ethnicities have a huge and extremely broad spectrum of two-way migrations in the past (i.e. from Sindh to rest of the globe and vice versa). It should be noted that these migrations are not only associated with people residing within the present geographical border of Sindh, but it is related to the entire Indus valley including the other major provinces of Pakistan.

In a battle of historic import between Moses and Pharaoh, Moses was accompanied by his brother Hazrat Haroon and about 40- lac Israelis. They assembled at Seena desert; they lived over there for many years. Their stay over there caused boredom so this nation left this place and traveled to central east and settled there at widespread areas. The genetic origin of the Israelis is related to prophet Ishaq, who is son of Abraham. Israel is other name of Yaqoob. Yousif is also among them and belongs to them. When Haroon, accompanied with this nation passed by Seena desert, he reached to north Afghanistan. It should be recalled that there is difference between Pathans and Afghans. Afghani nation is basically genetically related to the Israeli race. When the Afghanies are asked about their origin they would say and relate themselves proudly for belonging to the Israel. This place was also predominantly inhabited by the Buddhists. Whereas the Pathans are originally Parthians.

When the Parthians invaded Sindh, some of the Parthians were left in Sindh. The name Parthians then was undergone to linguistic metamorphosis and changed as Pathans. The Pathans are never Afghanis due to this reason. The genetic link of the Pathans is pointed towards Turks or Patey Shah dynasty.

Sindh was invaded sometimes before Christ by the Alexander the great. (Sikandar-e-Azam). Before Sikandar it was invaded by the Parthians, Sassanians, Iranians, and Huns. All of these nations, who invaded Sindh, belonged geographically to an area located northern wards of the central east i.e. to the Turk, Turkistan, Central East and Greece. These people not only invaded Sindh but they used to travel freely for trade, etc.

The Battle of the Hydaspes River was fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against King Porus of the Hindu Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum River in Punjab, now Pakistan. The battle is historically significant for opening up India for Greek political and cultural influence which was to continue for many centuries (05). After this, when Sikander reached the Sewistan (now Sewhan Sharif in Sindh), Raja Samesin fought with him and the later was killed. These events were followed by a gorilla war with Sikander as a reaction by the people of Sindh. Sikander was put in a condition of unrest. He was very much impressed of health and the brevity of people of Sindh. He then consulted Talvi (an expert of Geography and Scientist) who accompanied him regarding this enormously populated healthy and brave nation inhabiting Sindh by that time. Sikander wished to shift a part of the younger population of this nation to Greece for getting a similar healthy and beautiful progeny.

It is very interesting historical fact that about 40,000 young persons were sent through ships to Greece. This event is reported in a book Sikander-joon Kahoon' (i.e. Invasions of Sikander). These people married over there to produce a template race. This changed the genetic make-up of the people at Greece. Sikander played a dual role to change his nation by bringing his own countrymen e.g. craftsmen, Hakeems (traditional physicians), statue makers, and etc back to Sindh. These people got married in Sindh and there was a genetic admixture of the two remotely located populations. This period generated an admixture of populations from Parthians, Simesians and the people of Greece; and it dates back to about 10,000 years. This time period is calculated by studying the ruins of Mehar Garh near Quetta. These ruins show a civilization which is about 10,000 years back. This valley is called Vadi-e-Sawan (i.e. Sawani Valley).

This shows a well-established civilization at that period regarding the ancient Indus valley. It should be noted that the term Sindh encompasses the entire valley wherever the river Indus and its tributaries used to flow, which in other words means the present Pakistan in its entirety. Of extremely high interest are some other civilizations apart from Mehar Garh i.e. Kili Gul Mohammad Ruins 8,000 years back, Moen-jo-Daro 7,000 years back, Harapa 5,000 years back and the Ruins at Aamri Sindh to the stone age. Can we now interpret holistically about the genetic backgrounds of people of Pakistan (i.e. Punjab, N.W.F.P, Baluchistan and Sindh, which basically had shared a common heritage and a common genetic background). The ancient Indus valley possessed the geographical border which was broader than the present Sindh. This included areas of Rajasthan (India), Khathiawar (India) as well as other nearby areas in neighborhood of Pakistani eastern-border.

This broader area was inhabited by a single nation having its own culture, civilization and genetic traits (physical parameters and phenotypes like body build, complexion, height, weight etc) (06).

Keeping these historical and geophysical facts in mind, it is concluded that the genetic make-up of Sindhi population is more stable as compared to the other ethnicities. The Sindhi population is more centrifugal and extrovert with a tendency to share the genetic template to other multiple remote areas. It lacks a predominant genetic centripetal tendency. This fact is also conducive by its multiple ancient civilizations as mentioned above. It makes the blood of these people more solid genetically. The reliance of the people of this valley in pure diet, rich agricultural resources, cattle, involvement in folk games (Malh/ Kushti). All of these environmental factors determine a positive effect in general health and cardiovascular health in particular (7).

The present day ethnicities of Sindh

The two main Rajput tribes of Sindh are: the Samma, descendants of the Samma dynasty who ruled Sindh during (1351 - 1521 A.D); and the Soomra, descendants of the Soomra dynasty who ruled Sindh during (750 - 1350 A.D). Among other Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhacho, Bhuttos, Bhatti, Buriro, Lakha, Saheta, Lohana, Mohana, Dahars, Indhar, Chachar, Dhareja, Rathore, Dakhan, Langah, etc. The Sindhi Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sindhi Muslims of Gujrat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are Jats of Sindh, who are found mainly in the Indus Delta region (06). These sub-ethnicities residing in Sindh are regarded as genetically original Sindhies. As a matter of fact the present Sindh is harboring multiple other ethnicities. There are Pathans (Afghanies, Sindhi Pathans, and Pathans from NWFP), Ancient Sindhies, New Sindhies (Migratees from India, people from Punjab Pakistan), Balouchies, Makrani Balouchs and Birohies etc.

Balouchies belong to Balkh. It doesn't belong to Indus valley. But it came from North Turkistan and settled in Sindh during the Huns period. The Huns- nomadic pastoralist people who invaded Europe in fourth and fifth centuries AD and were defeated in 455, invaded Sindh. This nation was flourished maximally during Zaheer-u-ddin Baber's regime. King Babar shifted this ethnicity towards Sindh. The Balouchi tribes reached here in Mughal period and Tamur Lang's period. The examples of this are the Rinds which are seen in Sindh as well as South India, The Khossas of Nangar Parker reached during period of Babar and Humayoon. Other Balouchs migrated afterwards. We cannot separate Punjab from the Indus valley, because we find Balouchs over there as well. One may be perplexed while looking at subtypes of Balouchs e.g. Siraiki Baluoch or Makrani Baluoch. The word Siraiki refers to the area located at Siro" which literally means headwards or northwards.

The north part of Sindh is called Siro, while the south part as Laar". The Siraiki and other classical Balouchs share a common heritage except the Balouchs from Makran, which is a different entity.

The Lohana community of Sindh is an example of Sindhi sub- ethnicity involved in trade since centuries. Trade was imbibed as a part of their culture (08). Famous poet Shah Abdul Latif of Bhitt has put this aspect of the said ethnicity in his poetry as topic full of romance of the spouses of these travelers. The traders used to reside out of country for prolonged periods at that time (i.e. for many months or years). These long awaiting periods are beautifully depicted in the stanzas of Shah-jo-Risalo (a collection of Shah's poetry) viz.

Moon khay chaarrihay cheeaen', Wiyo wanjaro ohiray" (Sur saamoondi, Shah jo Risalo, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai)

(My beloved had left me on a bed of cheenan' (Cheenan is a kind of underground red hot coal fire buried under a shallow layer of sand and stored for usage in winter season- it stays live for more than 6 to 8 months. Its surface is intolerably hot. The spouse of the traders gives an analogy of her bed like the surface of cheenan' in her husband's absence)

In ancient period, Sindh has remained very famous for its people travelling through shipping with tours to far countries for trade (09). These tradesmen were the backbone of the economy of the ancient Sindh. Lohana is one of the examples of such communities. Interestingly only the males were involved in the business. Their spouses used to stay in their native land. This trade was both at national as well as international level. People of Sindh had been trading through multiple past civilizations indicated above. Longer settlements for the purpose of trade indicate the temporary migratory pattern of these individuals.

Sindh also inhabits ethnicities of Arab origin: For instance Siddiquies, Farooqies, Qazies and Abbasies which are of Arab origin. The Halepota and Dars notably are not of Arab origin but they are original Sindhies. There was a tradition sometime in Sindh for associating themselves with Arabs and they used to avoid to be called as Sindhies. This was a kind of psychological phenomenon and people used to identify themselves as Siddiques, but they were basically not of Arab origin.

The Soomras of Sindh do not belong to Arabs, but they were originally Hindu Soomras converted to become Muslims. There are still Hindu Soomras with their main occupation as Washer men (called Khaties). The Hindu ethnicities although changed their religion but their surnames still persist in original form till date. It is a very interesting observation noted by us, to observe similar surnames in Hindus and Muslims of Sindh. These points up to genetic homogeneity between the original Sindhies no matter what they are from religious perspectives. The examples of such ethnicities simultaneously shared by the Sindhi Hindus as well as Sindhi Muslims are Soomras, Parhiyars, Joya, Odhana, etc. There are few scholars who associate the Soomra with the Arabs and regard them as coming from area Samara or Arab which is not correct. Other ethnicities like Nukti or Korejo which belong to Samat variety of pure Sindhi ethnicity which are also associated by mistake with the Arab origin.

Baba Ghulam Farid Khuwaja of Multan Punjab in his poetry also confirms this aspect.

Queen Kekai (the wife of Raja Dasratha - Refrence: Hindu epic Ramayan) belongs to Sindh. Bharat (son of Raja Dasratha was born from Queen Kekai. The name of India is Bharat' because of that). The mother of Mughal emperor Jehangir was Rajput, and daughter of Raja Mansingh i-e wife of King Akbar, also belonged to Sindh.

It is a very interesting finding observed in Sindh that the Hindus and Muslims arrange their marriages without converting their religion. They have this blood relation since centuries and this tradition still persists in Sindh, especially in Tharparker district. However there are special circumstances where in the other parts of Sindh has similar practices. The examples of such communities in Tharparker are Thakurs or Rathores among Hindus; and Arbabs, Bajeers and Kachhelo community among Muslims. In Sindh Dedaies, Tahranies, Balouchs, Sama Waderas etc had inter marriages with the Thakur community of Hindus. Before Islam, Raja Rai Sahasi belonged to Sama ethnicity. Raja Sambaras was also Samoo. There are about 200 surnames within Samma ethnicity. All of these are not only attributed to be present only in Muslims but the very similarly named Sama sub-ethnicities are present in Hindus as well.

In these marital events, it is the social status not the religion which is the driving force for such kind of marriages. It is found that frequency of such marriages is relatively less now a days. The Dedaies, Thakurs, Sammas are of royal origin. Their elders were the Kings and so exposed to high socio economic status. Hence these marriages resulted in the offsprings which were of high height, broad and beautiful body configuration due to belonging to a better progeny. Jam Nizamuddin Samoo was a very able ruler of Sindh; he was married to daughter of washer man (Machhi-community) named Madina Mai. She was so brave that she traveled to talk to King of Kandhar for arranging marital relation of her son. These inter marriages happen elsewhere globally as a normal phenomenon so they happened here as well. They affect the nations from genetic make-up point of view.

Talpurs of Sindh are basically Balouchs. Dr. H. T Sorley in his book Shah Latif of Bhit' writes that Talpurs were called by Kalhoras'. Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was from Balouchistan. There were two elders known as Tumans. Their names were Aloodo and Masoodo. These two brothers came here with their shrouds of cattle. Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro asked his ministers to welcome these sardars of Balouchs. On reaching here it was found that they were just like common men with cattle with them. Many of them were spinning the reels of wool to make ropes, etc. They had lambs in their armpits. Kalhora respected Aloodo and Masoodo as their elders and then they acquired higher posts in government and flourished so much that they ultimately snatched the throne from the Klhoras. Then the Talpurs ruled Sind, this was then followed by the British rule.

The Sirewal community reached in Sindh during Kalhora regime. They came from the north (Siro) of Sindh; they are Laghari variety of Balouchs. They were allotted lands in the central or lower Sindh, and are still residing in Sindh.

The various Makhdoom dynasties of Sindh have multiple origins. The Sufi Makhdooms of Halla city are of Arabian origin. Their progeny is from Hazrat Abu Bakar. The famous poet Sachal Sarmast of Daraza, Khair Pur, Sindh is also of Arabian origin and related to Hazrat Umar Farooq. One of the grandfathers of Sachal Sarmast came with Muhammad bin Qasim. He was appointed as ruler in Sewhan Sharif, which was the capital of Sindh at that time. Siddiqui family is also like that. This has two branches. One is from second son of Hazrat Muhammad bin Aboobakar's generation i.e. Siddiquies of Halla, Pat and Makhdooms of Sukkur and Shikarpur. The first sons generation in Sindh is only one family i-e Makhdooms of Lawari Sharif i.e. Khuwaja Muhammad Zaman of Lawari Sharif.

There are villages near Jacobabad known as Budhan-ja- Goth' (Villages of Budhists) e.g. Village of Hashim Budha near Jaccob Abad. When the inhabitants of these areas were interviewed they said we were Buddhists. Although they were converted to become Muslims about 600 years back they are still called as Budhas. This is an example where a religion itself had undergone change to become a particular caste. Sometimes an occupation of a person changes to a caste e.g. Kumbhar (which is basically a pot-maker) and Wadhas (carpenters). Exciting facts about Mohen-jo-Daro Civilization

Meghwar (Meghwansh) community has its progeny to Rishies of ruling (Rajput) kind of communities. This race belonged to south India. About 800 years back due to famine in Indian area this community migrated to Sindh and became a Sindhi subethnicity at present. Initially this community belongs to Megh Rishi (Ref. Rik Veda) Inhabitants near the bank of river Indus at Vedic and Pre-Vedic era; latter they scattered at multiple places in the south India. Hence this community has been moving in the subcontinent mainly at the southern area as well as Pakistani and Indian held Punjab, so originally they are among ancient Sindhi sages (10).

The statue of the priest obtained from Mohen-jo-Daro belongs to Megh Rishi himself. The subsequent Meghwansh culture is robustly prevalent in Pakistani areas of Sindh, Punjab and Indian areas of Gujrat, Rajasthan, and Indian Punjab etc. This race is also found in Bangla Desh, Sri Lanka and Nepal as well (10).

The names of races, names of people, names of resources of traveling, names of particular lands in Sindh, and symptoms found in these places guide us a lot to understand the history of that particular nation.

It is important to think about the most pure, most ancient and original Sindhi sub-ethnicities. The Sammats and their further sub- ethnicities (about 200 in number) e.g. Solangi or Machhi are also dated back to Mohen-jo-Daro. The Jam, Jamot, Jamra, Samma, Shora, Unar and few others as well are basically progeny of Lord Krishna (Hero of Mahabharata, about 5,000 years ago). It coincides chronologically with the age of Mohen-jo-Daro itself. One of Lord Krishna's queens was Jam Wanti from Sindh. These communities were basically Hindus but changed their religion to become Muslims. These communities are original and ancient Sindhies.

The other old community is Birahvi community which also dates back to Mohen-jo-Daro. Few of the scholars associate the later with the Dravidians. One of the major and highly notable problems lies in inability to read the language of Moen-jo-Daro! It is of high importance as well as our strong recommendation to prepare a committee at government level' for reading this ancient language. This will open up the link of Indus valley from global perspectives; and will help to understand the highly important genetic link with the nations of the world. This type of study will connect the people of subcontinent with rest of the world and vice versa. The digging of Urr and Mesopotamia was subjected to reading of the language. Such writings when read help very much to understand that nation. The scholars of Madras of India and Norway are highly interested to read up such languages. Russia is expert of reading these types of languages.

Unfortunately, the scholars of Sindh nowadays are un aware of the importance of reading the script found on objects obtained from the ruins of Moen-jo-Daro. Failure to take steps to read the ancient language of Indus Valley Civilization will certainly leave the present day people of Indus valley disconnected from each other and from the rest of the world. The chains of social application of historical attributes have nicks because of this reason. Given the conditions that, since the ancient script from Faraon-e-Misr (Egypt) had been read successfully, Alwah of Hazrat Idrees, Alwah of Hazrat Moosa (Moses), Alwah of Daniyal which were written on earthen plates and subjected to heat and fire to make a permanent writing cassettes, are read successfully. The ancient letters of Kazdani, Arani and Ibrani are also read. So, Why not the prints and letters obtained from Mohen-jo-Daro, Taxilla and Harappa etc

Muhammad Hussain Kashif, had written a research paper on the evolution of various earthen utensils. He considered utensils from their designing point of view and their various aspects like pattern of painting and performed a comparative study of the utensils from various parts of the world. He analyzed these aspects from temporal perspective and matched the similarities in designing. Such ancient utensils from Iran, Egypt, Urr, Mesopotamia, Harappa, Moen-jo-Daro and those found in the present era share many common features. The old painting styles resemble with those of Moen-jo-Daro. When this work is given to the experts, there is no doubt in getting some sort of concluding inference out of that. In this computer age work of this kind must be an easier task.

It is highly astonishing to trace the migration and other socio cultural aspects of the people of Mohen-jo-Daro. Apparent look of Mohen-jo-Daro should not be under estimated; because there are layers of multiple civilizations buried under one upon the other at this place. This place harbors civilizations under civilizations and so on! (11). So, compiling and putting all research information in a chronologic order, its further inter relations from global perspectives need to be carried out for exploration of the global historical facts. This co-work of the historians and the genetic experts from scientific world will open new horizons to understand the global community linkages.

These relations have in their back ground a very closely associated link of genetic nature, which is based on geographic migratory patterns. Such kind of inferences as drawn need further research of both historical and molecular level to draw core conclusions.

In our opinion, based on the solid historical facts and civilization backgrounds as mentioned above, it is obvious that the humanity on this globe has undergone multiple mass migrations at multiple regions and that they are very much related with each other from genetic stand point.

This gives a strong clue that the people residing at so many world regions must forget elements of disputes and should come closer for making a better global home.

References:

1. https://www.alhassanain.com/english/book/book/his tory_library/ various_books/the_prophets/008.html

2. https://harsh-nevatia.suite101.com/creation-in-the-puranas-a16172

3. Atlas of human journey: 45 - 40,000. The genographic project, National genegraphic society" 1996-2010.

4. https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/lan/en/ atlas.html.

5. Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Vernesi, C et al. "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (11): 65937. May 2003.

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle of the Hydaspes River

7. M. A Sherring, The Tribes and Castes of Rajasthan", Cosmo Publication, Delhi 6, India, 1987. 8. htt p :https:// jo ur nals .lww.c o m /jh ype rt ensi on /Abs tract/ 2 0 0 3 / 05 0 00/ Ethnic_subgroup_differences_in_hypertension_in.14.aspx

9. Adwani, Bheroo Mal Mehrchand, History of Sindhi Hindu, Volume I" (Sindhi), Gulshan Publication, Hyderabad/ Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan 2002.

10. Adwani, Bheroo Mal Mehrchand, Qadeem Sindh (ancient Sindh) (in Sindhi version), Sindhi Adbi Board, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan, 1992.

11. Teerath Das Umedani, Megh Wans Itehas, Volume 2, (2012).

12. H. T Lambrick, Sind: A General Introduction, History of Sind, Series Volume I", (Translation in Sindi), Sindhi Adbi Board, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan, 1982.

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Publication:	International Journal of Arts and Humanities
Date:	Dec 31, 2013
Words:	6936
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