However, these immunosuppressive therapies are not effective for the prevention and treatment of chronic rejection caused by transplant vasculopathy. Therefore, chronic rejection with the vascularized allografts causing late allograft failure remains a clinical challenge [2].
One New Zealand heart recipient received a second transplant after developing severe transplant vasculopathy in her first transplanted heart and has subsequently done well.
Identification of transplant vasculopathy: Transplant vasculopathy (TV) starts with intimal thickening that can not be detected by coronary angiography (42).
The recent knowledge in intracellular pathways involved in transplant vasculopathy after HLA antibody ligation to their receptor in EC will likely improve in the future years and we hope that could be extend to the concept of TG to develop new TG formation blockade strategies.