The
phenetic analysis was performed by calculating the genetic dissimilarities between Cultivars i and j as [d.sub.i-j] by the Sokal and Michener index [d.sub.i-j] = 1 - ([n.sub.11] + [n.sub.00])/([n.sub.11] + [n.sub.10] + [n.sub.01] + [n.sub.00]) where [n.sub.11] is the number of shared fragments between i and j, [n.sub.10] and [n.sub.01] are the number of fragments present in one cultivar and absent in the other, and [n.sub.00] is the number of fragments absent in both.
Taxonomic identifications are based on
phenetic similarity and not synapomorphy; the features we used to identify the specimens are discussed below.
This definition was no longer based on purely
phenetic criteria of similar characteristics but stressed the cohesive forces present in ancestral-descendant biological populations that share a common biotic niche.
Cladistic and
phenetic analyses supported some, but not all, of the subgenera assignments of Sebastes.
First, plant growth forms (namely erect annuals, rosette species, and grasses) were not consistently grouped, but rather interspersed throughout the
phenetic tree.
A
phenetic approach was used to interpret relationships among populations by UPGMA analysis (Sheath and Sokal 1973) based on unbiased genetic identities (Nei 1972, 1978) estimated by the frequency of restriction fragment phenotypes.
Genetic differentiation and
phenetic relatedness among seven species of the Macrozamia plurinervia complex (Zamiaceae).
Chen, "
Phenetic Classification for photosynthetic characters of different sugarcane varieties," Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, vol.
Results from the two approaches were mostly concordant, and, although the allele dosage approach exploits all of the available data, the
phenetic approach has proven valuable for detection of genetic diversity and genetic structure in wild plants (Hollingsworth and Ennos, 2004).
Multivariate morphometry is a useful tool in evolutive biology to test historic phylogenetic hypotheses, to detect variation in quantitative characters and to evaluate patterns of
phenetic relationship (Reis, 1988).
Larval morphology and
phenetic relationships of the Chilean Alsodes, Telmatobius, Caudiverbera and Insuetophrynus (Anura: Leptodactylidae).
Intraspecific variation and
phenetic affinities of Dermanura hartii, with comment on use of the generic name Enchisthenes.