Characters examined include general body appearance, encrusting ossicles,
pedicellariae, madreporite, abactinals, terminals, marginals, intermarginals, actinals, oral frame, ambulacral grooves and interambulacrals, papulae, tube feet, digestive tract, and its development.
However, its outer surface (below), with defensive spines, tube feet and
pedicellariae grippers, has two kinds of light-detecting opsin proteins.
Five specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory where morphological studies of the test and
pedicellariae were conducted.
Of these, all metamorphosed with a set of five primary podia growing from the left hydrocoel and between one and three
pedicellariae, one on the dorsal surface associated with the base of the dorsal arch spicule, and two posterior on the left side--one at the base of the posterodorsal arm rod and one at the base of the pastoral arm rod (Fig.
2002), probably through the "spine system," the tube feet and the
pedicellariae (Smith et al.
Some ossicles are rod-shaped to make protruding appendages such as spines,
pedicellariae, and paxillae.
With the high concentration diet, protein and carbohydrate content per larvae remained relatively constant through day 17 after fertilization, through the 8-arm stage, and then significantly increased by day 20 coinciding with the first appearance of the rudiment stage, remaining high by day 24, coinciding with the first appearance of
pedicellariae. Despite the morphological differences between the larvae at both treatments, no significant differences were found in the protein and carbohydrate content per larvae up to day 24.
Regeneration of spines and
pedicellariae in echinoderms: a review.
Competent larvae had 5 to 8, most commonly 7,
pedicellariae. One pedicellaria was always located at the posterior end of the larval body between the posterolateral processes.
A suite of five representative members of these protein families is almost exclusively expressed in the early larva and in the tube foot and
pedicellariae of the adult animal.
forbesi, and the long slender abactinal spines with a wreath of minor
pedicellariae halfway up these spines typical of A.
They are, however, able to counter predation by structural and behavioral means such as the use of spines and globiferous
pedicellariae, which are minute, forcep-like appendages that can seize and, in some cases, inject venom into the skin of predators (Campbell, 1983).