collusion

(62) Two types of conduct by cartel members are candidates for overt acts sufficient to restart the statute of limitations: (1) meeting to "fine-tune" a collusive agreement and (2) continuing supracompetitive prices.

In order to analyze the collusive agreement, we frame the problem as a repeated game where the three firms--the investing firm and the two raiding firms--carry out the collusive strategy across infinite periods.

The major objective of the research is a validation of the usability of the proposed econometric method by ex-post confirmation of detection of a collusive agreement of cement producers in India in the time period 1994-2009.

In fact, when a firm cheats from the collusive agreement is possible that the rest of cartel partners take some periods in detecting that deviation.

Michaels also provides an excellent review of the "climategate" scandal, including a clear and understandable account of "hide the decline" and the collusive agreement among ideologically motivated climate scientists to perpetrate the "hockey stick" fraud on the public and the political process (the seam's name referring to the shape of a graph using manipulated data).

Finally, the court considered PacifiCare's hard line negotiating strategy, and reasoned that because Omnicare controlled any additions to United's and Omnicare's reimbursement contract, Omnicare's theory broke down, and therefore PacifiCare's actions were as consistent with independent action as they were with a collusive agreement. (55) Thus, the Seventh Circuit ultimately held that the district court properly granted summary judgment because Omnicare's evidence did not satisfy the two-part test applied to summary judgment motions in antitrust litigation.

Those groups' collusive agreement with the Secretary of the Interior to sacrifice the endangered gray wolf in order, supposedly, to prevent other species from being removed from the endangered species list is a monumental disgrace.

Further worsening the situation, she said, has been "the collusive agreement between the IAEA and the World Health Organization in which the WHO is precluded from publishing any research on radiation effects without consultation with the IAEA." WHO, the public health arm of the UN, has supported the IAEA's claim that 4,000 will die as a result of the accident.

It is calculated as the collusive profit minus the Nash profit (the potential gain from colluding) divided by the maximum profit from a unilateral defection minus the collusive profit (the potential gain from defecting on a collusive agreement).

The damage (A), therefore, is the difference between the wage "but for" the collusive agreement and the actual wage paid times the number of workers hired:

in effect served by a monopoly." However, in the Cournot model presented in this paper the collusive agreement would not be to split the monopolist's output and service; this is due to the quadratic nature of production costs.

Daniel Indiviglio in The Atlantic monthly cited Michael Parkin's well-known book on economics titled "Microeconomics" to define a cartel as: "A group of firms that has entered into a collusive agreement to restrict output and increase prices and profits."