AUXILIARY

MACHINERY
SYSTEM
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE

• Engine in which the fuel is burned directly

within the working cylinder

• 4-CYCLE ENGINE
4 stroke of the piston are required to
complete one cycle or series of event
which must take place in regular order to
operate the engine.
• 2-CYCLE ENGINE
• 2 stroke of the piston are required to
complete the one cycle or series of event
which must take place in regular order to
operate the engine
 ENGINE SYSTEM
• STARTING SYSTEM

– A. Electrical

– B. Compressed Air

– C. Hydraulic
 COOLING SYSTEM

• A. Open Cooling System

• B. Closed Cooling System

 LUBRICATING SYSTEM
• A. Splashed Lubrication

• B. Drip Feed Lubrication

• C. Forced Feed lubrication

 FUEL OIL SYSTEM
• The function of the fuel injection system is
to provide the right amount of fuel at the
right moment an in a suitable condition for
the combustion process.
• A form of measured fuel supply , a means
of timing the delivery and the atomization
of the fuel
 TYPE OF FUEL OIL SYSTEM
• JERK PUMP SYSTEM – the barrel and
the plunger of the injector of the pump are
dimensioned to suit the engine fuel oil
requirement. Port in the barrel and the
slots in the plunger or adjustable spill
valve serve to regulate the fuel oil delivery
• HELIX INJECTOR PUMP – The pump has
constant stroke and the rotating pump
plunger, which has a specially arranged
helical groove cut into it, it regulates the
amount of fuel delivered.
• - Spill over valve located at the edge of the
helix
• - Non-return valve located in the delivery
side of the pump.
• VALVE CONTROLLED PUMP
In the variable injection timing (VIT) pump is
used in MAN B & W engine the governor
actuates 2 linkages
• - UPPER LINKAGE changes the injection
timing by raising or lowering the plunger in
the relation of the cam.
• -LOWER LINKAGE rotates the pump
plunger and the helix in order to vary the
pump output
• SULZER variable injection timing system
the governor output is connected to a
suction valve and a spill over valve
• -PUMP SUCTION VALVE – closing of the
valve determines the beginning of injection
• - SPILL OVER VALVE control the end of
injection by releasing fuel pressure
• - no helix present in pump plunger
• COMMON RAIL SYSTEM
• Has one high-pressure multiple plunger
fuel pump. The fuel discharged into a
manifold or rail which is maintained at high
pressure.
• SPILL OVER VALVE are connected to a
rail to release excess pressure and
accumulator bottles which dampen out
pressure pulses
 INTAKE / EXHAUST SYSTEM
• REVERSE FLOW SCAVENGING
• A. Cross – Flow Scavenging

• B. Loop – Flow Scavenging

• Uni – Flow Scavenging (exhaust valve)

 IMPRTANCE OF SCAVENGING
• 1. Engine efficiency depends on scavenging
• 2. Inefficient scavenging gives less power output
per weight.
• 3. Incomplete scavenging leads to greater
results in increased fuel oil consumption per unit
power.
• 4. Incomplete scavenging leads to greater piston
ring and liner wear
• 5. Inefficient scavenging gives higher
temperature
DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

• POWER
• INDICATED HORSE POWER
• Power developed inside the engine (single
cylinder) during power stroke
• IP = Pmi(LAN)
• IP = MEP x cylinder constant x RPM
 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

• Pmi or Mep = mean height of diagram x

spring scale
Or

-Area of diagram / Length of diagram x

spring scale
 BRAKE HORSE POWER

• POWER OUTPUT OF THE ENGINE

• USEFUL POWER

• POWER DELIVERED TO THE

FLYWHEEL OR SHAFT
 GOVERNOR
• It govern or controls the engine speed at
some fixed value will power output
changes to meet demand automatically
adjusting the fuel oil pump setting to meet
the desired load at the set speed.
 GOVERNOR TYPE
• MECHANICAL – two flyweights are fitted
to a plate or ball head rotates about the
vertical axis. The action of the centrifugal
force throws the weight outwards raises
the spindle increasing engine speed and
move inwards decreases the engine
speed. Equilibrium or set speed may be
change by altering spring compression
• ELECTRONIC – uses a combination of
electrical and mechanical components in
its operation. The speed sensing is a small
magnetic pick-up coil. The rectified or DC
voltages signal to operate a hydraulic unit.
This unit will then move the fuel control in
the appropriate direction to control the
engine speed.
 TURBO CHARGER
• 1. CONSTANT PRESSURE

• IMPULSE

• PULSE CONVERTER

• MULTI PULSE CONVERTER

 BOILER

• A STEAM GENERATOR

• A ENCLOSED VESSEL THAT

GENERATES STEAM USE FOR
- PROPULSION
- HEATING
 TYPE OF BOILER
• WATER TUBE

• FIRE TUBE

• PACKAGED BOILER
BOILER WATER TREATMENT
• Principal objects of the boiler feed water
treatment should be….
Prevention of scale formation in the
boiler and feed system by

- A. utilizing distilled water

- B. precipitating all scale forming salts into

a non –adherent sludge
 Prevention of Corrosion
• Maintaining boiler feed water in an alkaline
condition and free from dissolves gases
 CONTROL OF SLUDGE
• Control of sludge formation and prevention
of carry over with the steam
• Prevention of entry into the boiler of
foreign matter such as oil, waste, mill
scale. Iron oxide, spatter, etc..
• By careful use of heating of arrangement
(close watch of steam drain) effective pre
commission cleaning and maintaining the
steam and condensate system in a non-
corrosive condition.
 ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
• In the hydrogen ion concentration (low Ph)
were increased, the rate of corrosion
would increase since there would be more
H (+) ions to receive electrons at cathode
• The metal ion combines with the OH-ions
to form atoms of Ferrous hydroxide, which
dissolves in the water thus wasting away.
 FORM OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
• 1. General Waste

• 2. Pitting
A. Air Bubble Pitting
B. Scab Pitting
 WATER ANALYSIS
• 1. Importance

• 2. Procedure

• 3. Dosage

• 4. effects
 EFFECTS OFF ….
• 1. Scale Formation

• Foaming

• Priming

• Carry Over
 SAFETY VALVE
• 1. Safety Valve Test
• 2.Tools
• 3.Precaution
• 4. Difference
- Safety Valve
- Relief valve
 SAFETY VALVE
• Protect the shell or drum against
excessive pressure from building up and
explosion. Normal blow-down range 1-3 %
of design pressure. The ideal lift is ¼ of
the valve throat. During firing at full
capacity not exceeding 6% above boiler
maximum allowable working pressure.
 RELIEF VALVE
• Designed to release excess pressure of 10
– 20% above normal pressure. Only a
amount of lift is permitted and the
escaping gases or liquid are directed to a
safe outlet
 ACCUMULATION TEST
• Actual test of boiler safety valves to relieve
the boiler of all steam that generate during
firing at full capacity not exceeding 6%
above maximum allowable working
pressure.
 HYDROSTATIC TEST
• Boiler filled up with water and pressure up
to 1.5 times. To determine whether the
boiler is tight and capable of safety holding
its working pressure.
 PUMPS
• A pump is a device which add to the
energy of a fluid causing an increase in its
pressure and movement. It does not draw
up a liquid but rather creates a vacuum on
the suction side allowing the atmospheric
pressure to push the liquid into the pump.
THREE MAIN TYPE OF PUMP
• 1. DISPLACEMENT PUMP

• 2. AXIAL FLOW PUMP

• 3. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 DISPLACEMENT PUMP
• 1. RECIPROCATING PUMP
• A piston or plunger which reciprocate
within a cylinder
• 2. ROTARY DISPLACEMENT PUMP
• Work by means of rotating elements which
trap the liquid at the suction side and
discharge it through the discharge outlet
• All viscous / non viscous fluid where high
suction lift is required
 AXIAL FLOW PUMP
• An axial flow pump uses a screw propeller
to axially accelerate the liquid. The outlet
passages and the guide vanes are
arranged to convert the velocity increasing
the liquid pressure.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• 1. The operation of this pump depends on
centrifugal force which imparts a high
velocity liquid being pumped.

• 2. Classified into 2 types

a. Impeller
b. Diffuser
• 3. For non viscous liquid only
 PROBLEM
• 1. Pump vibrates and noisy during
operation, the cause must be a bent shaft
or misalignment, worn bearing and clog or
damage impeller.
• 2. The failure of delivering water might be
caused by air leaks on the suction line,
pump speed to low and clogged or
damaged impeller.
 PROBLEM
• 3.The failure to discharging liquid are
possibly caused is not primed and
insufficient speed or broken impeller.
 PACKING
• 1. Precautionary Measure

• 2. Procedure

• 3. Do and Don’ts
 AIR COMPRESSOR
• 1. Reciprocating

• 2. Rotary

• 3. Centrifugal
CAUSES OF AIR COMPRESSOR
TROUBLE
• Leaky valves often result from wear and
founding of valves against seats.
Unstrained dust and dirt in the air also
causes valve and cylinder wear.
• Overheating of air cylinder may cause by
constant high speeds, and this result in
loss of lubrication, groaning, oil being
carried over into the discharge lines and
reduced efficiency
 TROUBLES
• 1.Groaning may come from lack of
lubrication, a binding piston, leaky
discharge valves or piston packing rings
• 2. Pounding occurs when the foundation of
the compressor is not solid enough or
when the compressor is not securely
installed. It may also come from a loose air
piston valve etc.
EVAPORATOR AND DISTILLERS

• Fresh water production from seawater for

domestic and boiler feed purposes has
become an essential requirement aboard
most vessels.
 2 METHODS OF OBTAINING
VAPOR FROM SEAWATER
• A. Boiling Process
• Sea water is boiled using energy from the
heating coil and by reducing pressure in
the evaporator shell, boiling can take place
at about 60
• B. FLASH PROCESS

• Flash evaporation is the result of a liquid

containing a reasonable amount of
sensible heat at a particular pressure
admitted to a chamber at a lower
pressure. The liquid immediately changes
into steam. Water flashes without boiling
take place
MINIMIZING SCALE FORMATION

• 1. Temperature below 80C so that calcium

carbonate scale predominates that is a
soft scale.
• 2. Magnetic Filter - amalgamation of the
salt crystal, salt then goes out with the
brine.
• 3. Flexing Element – thin gauge of monel
metal
 CHEMICAL TREATMENT
• A. Organic Polyelectrolyte combine with
Anti - Foam

The compound is alkaline and should be

treated in the same as caustic soda.
Should not be taken internally
POLYPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS
WITH ANTI-FOAM
• These prevent the formation of calcium
carbonates scale and minimize the
possibility of foaming.
• The compound is non-toxic, non-acidic,
relatively cheap and safe to handle.
• Use below 90C temperature, suitable only
for low pressure plants
 FERRIC CHOLORIDE
• Is a stable, non-,explosive, hygroscopic,
non-toxic and when dry non-acidic
chemical compound.
• Prevents the formation of calcium
carbonate and magnesium hydroxide
scale.
• Intensively corrosive
 STEERING GEAR
• Steering Gear
provides a movement of the rudder
in response to a signal from the bridge.
The whole system may be
considered made of three parts
 STEERING GEAR PARTS
• CONTROL EQUIPMENT- conveys a signal of
desired rudder angle from the bridge and
activates the power unit and transmission
system until the desired angle is reached.
• POWER UNIT- provides the force, when
required and immediate effect to move the
rudder to the desired angle
• TRANSMISSION TO THE RUDDER STOCK
 SHIP’S STEERING GEAR
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
• 1. Two independent means of steering
• 2. Power torque capability at maximum
speed rudder can be swung 35º both side
• 3. Rudder can be swung at 35° to 30° at
not more than 28 sec.
• 4.The system is protected from shock.
• 5. Control of steering gear must be
provided compartment.
• Steering Gear itself must comprise of 2
independent systems where a failure of
one result in an automatic change over
within 45 sec, result of audio and visual
alarms on the bridge.
• Tanker of 100000 GT and above a change
over switch must be operated immediately
and achieved from bridge position in case
one of the unit failed
 TELEMETER (TRANSDUCER)
SYSTEM
• Electro-hydraulic and electrical when
operated at auto-pilot, a closed loop
control principle the transmitter is situated
on the bridge and the receiver at the
steering gear unit. Mechanical movement
is transduced hydraulically or electrically
for the distance telemetering and
transduced back again the steering wheel
may be retained as omament
 TELEMOTOR CONTROL
• Is a hydraulic control employing a
transmitter, a receiver, a pipes a charging
unit. The transmitter is built into the
steering wheel console is located on the
bridge and the receiver is mounted on the
steering gear. The charging unit is located
near to the receiver and the system is
charged with a non-freezing fluid
 TELEMOTOR FLUID
• Good quality of mineral oil properties
 Low pour point
 Non-sludge forming
 Non-corrosive
 Good lubricating properties
 High flash point
 Low viscocity
TYPE OF HYDRAULIC POWERED
TRANSMISSION

• RAM TYPE

• ROTARY VANE
MATHEMATICS
• 1. Find the consumption in
GRMS-BHP/HR whose consumption per
day is 27.1 MT and actual BHP is 7109.52
HP.

• FIND: Consumption in GRMS-BHP/HR

• SOLUTION:
• 27.1MT x 1000Kg / 1 MT = 27100 Kg/day
• 27100Kg/Day x Day/24 Hrs = 1129 Kg/day
• 1129Kg/ Hr x 1000grms/1 Kg = 1129000
grms/hr
• 1129000grms/Hr ÷ 7109.52 BHP
• =
• 1. Find the cylinder oil grm.bhp/hr. Whose
consumption 189.36 liters /day, maximum
BHP 8200; Sp. Grav-0.95. Average RPM
141.3 and shop trial RPM 150

• FIND THE CYLINDER CONSUMPTION?

• FORMULA : CYLINDER
CONSUMPTION
• Ne x Vd x V x 100 ÷ N x n x 24
• Ne = shop RPM
• N = actual RPM
• n = rated output
• Vd = Cylinder oil consumption
• V = Specific Gravity
• 3. Your fuel tank on board capacity is 15000
cu m at 100% full. How many MT are you
required of fuel whose sp. grav is .9768 if
tank is to be filled up to 95% full of fuel
whose temperature is 45C, coefficient of
expansion is .000720 given data.

• FORMULA: NET VOLUME CUBIC METER

• (T1-T2 x COEF. OF EXP. X CU. METER)
• SOLUTION:
• 15000 cu m x 95% = 1425 cu m
• 1425cu m – ( 45C – 15C x .000720 x
1425cu m )
• 1425 cu m – 30.78
• 1394.22 cu m x .09539 sp grav at 15C
• =
• 4. Fuel oil has a sp grav of 0.948 at 24.5C.
What is the sp grav at 15C? Correction
coefficient is .00063 at 15C?

• FIND : SP GRAV AT 15C TEMP

• FORMULA:
• sp grav at T1 C + (T1-T2 x Correction
factor at T2 C )
• SOLUTION:
• T1 –T2 = 24.5C – 15C = 9.5C
• 9.5C x .00063 correction factor at 15C
• =.005985
• 0.948 sp grav at 24.5C + 0.005985
• =

• NOTE: drop in temperature increase the

sp grav of a substance
• 5. Sp grav of diesel oil is 0.865 at 30F.
What is the sp grav at 84F? Sp grav
correction is 0.0037 per 1F?

• FIND: Sp grav at 84F

• FORMULA:
• T2-T1 x correction factor
• SOLUTION
• 84F – 30F = 54F
• .00037x 54F =0. 01998
• 0.865 – 0.01998 AT 84C
• =

• NOTE: Drop of temp increase the sp grav

of a substance
• FORMULA OF FUEL MIXED WITH
DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• (Qty before loading cu m) x Sp Grav +

(Qty received cu m) x Sp Grav ÷ (Qty
before loading) + ( Qty received cu m)
 FUEL CONSUMPTION PER
VOYAGE DISTANCE
• How much fuel be consumed to cover the
distance of 7000 miles?
 GIVEN
• BORE – 680 mm STROKE – 1250 mm
• MECH. EFF _ 85% (8.5 Kg/ SQ CM)
CYLINDER – 6 RPM – 140
• PITCH – 3.15M SLIP – 5%
• FO CONS – 156 GR-BHP/HR
• SP GRAV – 0.97 at 15C
• HEATING TEMP – 85C
 SOLUTIONS
• CYLINDER CONSTANT – L x A ÷ 4500
• ( 1.25 m x 0.7854 x (68 cm x 68 cm) ÷
4500 = 1.0088 ( where A = 3.631 sq m)
• PROPELLER DISTANCE
• 3.15 m x 3.28 ft x 10.33 ÷ 6080 ft/ mi
• = .00169736 miles
 BRAKE HORSE POWER
• FORMULA: K x RPM x Mep X MECH EFF
x no of CYL ÷ 100
• SOLUTION
• 1.0088 x 140 x 8.5 x 8.5 x 6 ÷ IOO = 6122
• FO CONSUMPTION
• 6122 x 156 grm ÷ 1000000
• = 0.95503MT/ HR
• PROP DISTANCE PER MIN
• .00169736 x 140 RPM = 0.23762
• PROP DISTANCE PER HOUR
• 0.23762 x 60 = 14.25 mi
• PROP DISTANCE PER HR with SLIP OF
5%
• 14.25 x .95 = 13.54mi / hr
• 7000 miles ÷ 13.54 mi / hr = 516.98 hrs
 TOTAL CONSUMPTION
• FO CONSUMPTION x PROP DISTANCE
AT 5% SLIP

• 0.95503 MT / HR x 516.98 HOURS =

493.74 MT