CHM 216: COLOUR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

SESSION: 2022/2023 Mr. Oyewole T.S

OUTLINE:

 Quality assurance and quality control procedure

 Panits and paints industries

 Preparation and application of paints

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

Quality assurance in chemistry refers to a set of practices and processes designed to ensure that
chemical testing, analysis, and research produce reliable and accurate results. It is essential in
various fields, including pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, food safety, and many
others, where precise and trustworthy data is crucial.

PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE

By implementing these quality assurance principles, laboratories can produce reliable and accurate
chemical data, which is essential for making informed decisions in various industries and ensuring
public safety and health. The following are the essential principles and techniques needed in any
chemical industries.

1. Standardization: Establishing and adhering to standardized methods and procedures for

chemical testing and analysis is fundamental to quality assurance. This includes using recognized
analytical methods, reference materials, and well-documented procedures.

2. Calibration: Regular calibration of instruments and equipment, such as spectrophotometers,

balances, and chromatographs, is necessary to ensure accuracy. Calibration involves comparing
measurements to known standards and making necessary adjustments.

3. Quality Control (QC): QC measures involve running known standards alongside unknown
samples to monitor the accuracy and precision of results. This helps identify and correct errors in
the analytical process.
4. Validation: Analytical methods must be validated to ensure their suitability for the intended
purpose. This process verifies that the method is accurate, precise, and reliable under specific
conditions and for specific analytes.

5. Reproducibility and Precision: Ensuring that results can be reproduced consistently is critical in
chemistry. Precision refers to the degree of agreement between replicate measurements, while
reproducibility assesses the consistency of results across different laboratories or analysts.

6. Documentation: Thorough record-keeping and documentation of all aspects of the analysis are
essential. This includes sample preparation, instrument settings, data acquisition, and any
deviations or issues encountered during the analysis.

7. Training and Competence: Ensuring that personnel are adequately trained and competent in the
methods they use is vital for quality assurance. Training should cover both the theoretical and
practical aspects of the analysis.

8. Proficiency Testing: Participating in proficiency testing programs, where laboratories are sent
blind samples for analysis, helps assess their accuracy and comparability with other laboratories.
This external validation is crucial for quality assurance.

9. Risk Assessment: Identifying and mitigating potential risks in the analytical process is essential.
This may involve assessing sample contamination, instrument malfunctions, or human errors.

10. Data Review and Interpretation: Rigorous data review and interpretation are necessary to
ensure the accuracy and reliability of results. This may involve statistical analysis, data validation,
and adherence to acceptance criteria.

11. Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPA): When errors or deviations are identified, it is
essential to implement corrective and preventive actions to address the root causes and prevent
recurrence of the issues.

12. Audit and Accreditation: Periodic internal and external audits of the laboratory's quality
management system can help ensure compliance with established standards and best practices.
Accreditation by relevant organizations demonstrates a laboratory's competence.

SIGNIFICANCE OF GOOD QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Quality assurance (QA) plays a pivotal role in the chemical industry due to its critical importance
in ensuring the safety, reliability, and quality of chemical products and processes. The significance
of good quality assurance in the chemical industry can be understood through the following points:

1. Safety: Chemical products can pose serious safety hazards if they are not manufactured, stored,
and transported properly. Quality assurance processes help in identifying and mitigating risks,
ensuring that products meet safety standards, and preventing accidents and chemical exposures.

2. Regulatory Compliance: The chemical industry is heavily regulated to protect the environment
and human health. Quality assurance ensures that products and processes adhere to various local,
national, and international regulations and standards. Non-compliance can lead to legal and
financial consequences.

3. Product Quality: High-quality chemical products are essential for various industries, including
pharmaceuticals, agriculture, manufacturing, and many others. Quality assurance ensures that
products meet the specified quality standards, which is vital for product effectiveness and customer
satisfaction.

4. Process Efficiency: Quality assurance methods help optimize manufacturing and production
processes, leading to increased efficiency, reduced waste, and cost savings. This can also lead to
more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.

5. Innovation and Research: The chemical industry relies on research and development for new
products and processes. Quality assurance supports research by ensuring that data and results are
accurate and reproducible, which is crucial for innovation and scientific advancement.

6. Supply Chain Management: Quality assurance extends to the entire supply chain, from raw
material suppliers to distributors. Ensuring the quality of inputs and intermediates helps maintain
product consistency and reliability.

7. Reputation and Brand Image: A strong quality assurance program builds trust with customers,
stakeholders, and the public. Consistently delivering high-quality products and adhering to safety
standards enhances a company's reputation and brand image.
8. Risk Mitigation: Quality assurance helps identify and mitigate risks associated with chemical
processes and products. By systematically assessing and addressing potential issues, the likelihood
of unexpected events or quality problems is reduced.

9. Cost Savings: Quality assurance helps reduce the costs associated with defects, rework, and
customer complaints. By preventing quality issues and improving processes, companies can
operate more efficiently and save money.

10. Customer Confidence: Customers in various industries rely on chemical products for their
operations. Good quality assurance practices instill confidence in customers that they are receiving
reliable and safe products, leading to long-term business relationships.

QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURE IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Quality control procedures in the chemical industry are essential to ensure that products and
processes meet established quality standards and specifications. These procedures involve
systematic steps and techniques to monitor, inspect, test, and verify the quality of raw materials,
intermediate products, and finished chemical products. Here are the key steps in a typical quality
control procedure in the chemical industry:

1. Specification and Standardization:

a. Define clear and comprehensive specifications for each product, including physical, chemical,
and performance characteristics.

b. Use recognized standards and methods for testing and analysis. This may involve standards
from organizations like ASTM, ISO, or national regulatory bodies.

2. Sampling:

a. Develop sampling plans that specify how and where samples will be taken from raw materials,
in-process materials, and finished products.

b. Ensure that sampling methods are representative and minimize the risk of bias.

3. Sample Preparation: Prepare samples according to standardized procedures, which may include
homogenization, dilution, and other techniques to ensure sample integrity.

4. Testing and Analysis:

a. Conduct a wide range of tests and analyses, depending on the nature of the chemical product.
This can include chemical composition, physical properties, purity, and more.

b. Utilize appropriate laboratory equipment and instrumentation to obtain accurate results.

5. Data Collection and Recording:

a. Record all relevant data, including test results, dates, analyst names, and any deviations or
observations made during testing.

b. Maintain meticulous records for traceability and documentation.

6. Data Analysis:

a. Analyze test results to determine if they meet the established specifications and standards.

b. Utilize statistical methods to assess the variation and consistency of results.

7. Non-Conformance Management:

a. When a product or sample does not meet the specified quality standards, document the non-
conformance.

b. Investigate the root causes of non-conformance and take corrective actions to address the issues.

8. Documentation and Reporting:

a. Generate detailed quality control reports for each batch or lot of product.

b. Communicate the results and any necessary actions to relevant stakeholders, including
management, production, and quality assurance teams.

9. Quality Control Instruments:

a. Utilize various quality control instruments and tools, such as spectrophotometers,

chromatographs, pH meters, balances, and titrators, to perform accurate measurements and
analyses.

10. Calibration and Maintenance:

a. Regularly calibrate and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment to ensure their accuracy
and reliability.
b. Follow established calibration and maintenance schedules.

11. Continuous Improvement:

a. Implement continuous improvement initiatives to optimize quality control procedures and

processes, reduce variability, and enhance efficiency.

b. Use data from quality control to identify trends and areas for improvement.

12. Record Retention:

a. Maintain records of quality control data for an appropriate period, in compliance with regulatory
requirements.

b. Retaining records is essential for traceability and audit purposes.

13. Personnel Training: Ensure that personnel responsible for quality control are well-trained,
competent, and aware of the procedures and methods used in quality control.

14. Auditing and Compliance: Periodically audit the quality control process to ensure compliance
with regulatory requirements and internal quality standards. Seek third-party accreditation or
certification if applicable.

PAINTS INDSUTRY
One of chemical process industries is the paints industry.One of the purpose of paint indutry is to
increase student skills in the field work, and linking theory with application, become the
motivation to students to join to factories and companies for achieving this target.Paint is a
mechanical dispersion mixture of one or more pigments in a vehicle.

COMPONENETS OF PAINTS

Paints is a main part of coatings, paints composed of five components:

1. Pigments

2. Resin (Binders)

3. Fiilers
4. Solvent

5. Additives

PIGMENTS

Pigments: Pigments are particulate solids that are dispersed in paints to provide certain
characteristics to them, including color, opacity, durability, mechanical strength, and corrosion
protection for metallic substrates. Pigments classified into organic pigments; which used in
decoration paints, and in-organic pigments; which are metallic pigments, used in protective paints.
The table below shows the colour and its pigments

Colour Inorganic pigments Organic Pigements

White Titanium dioxide

Zinc oxide

Zinc sulphide

Antimony oxide

Black Carbon black Aniline black

Black iron oxide

Brown Lead chromate Arylamide

Yellow iron oxide Diarylide

Red Cadmium red Metallized Azo Reds

Red iron oxide Perylene

 Blue Ferric potassium ferrocyanide Copper Phthalocyanine Blue

Cobalt blue

Green Chrome green Copper Phthalocyanine Green

Chromium oxide

Hydrated chromium oxide

ADDITIVES

Additives are substances that are added to paint ( at a low percentage) that have high effects in
inproving paint properties. several additives used in paints formula such as thickeners, dryers, anti-
skinning, defoamers, etc. Several additives and their working principle are given below.

Additive property Examples Working Principle

Anti-Settling • BYK Anti-Terra 203, Preventing of settling of paints

solid content
agents • Crayvallac,
such as; pigment and filler
• polyolefins
during storin

Anti-skinning • Methyl ethyl ketoxime, Preventing of skin formation

on surface of
agents • cyclohexanone oxime
 autoxidative air-drying paints
in storing.

Anti-sagging • Polyolefins. Increasing viscosity which

provide sagging.
agents

Anti-foaming • BYK 023, lowering the surface tension in

the
agents • BYK03,
neighborhood of the bubble,
• Pyrenol.
causing them

to coalesce to larger, less

stable bubbles

which then break

Light • Tinuvin 1130 UV Protection is achieved in two

stages; The
stabilizers absorber,
UV absorber (about 1%)
• Tinuvin 1123 HALS,
converts the
• Tinuvin 1144 HALS
undesirable short wavelengths
to heat

energy, and the light-stabilizer

captures the

free radicals generated that

would cause

film degradation
Dryers It works by oxidation of
cationic metal from
• Co, Ca, and Mg octoate.
a stable lower valency to a less
stable higher

valency, this will speed

oxidization

reactions

• Benton (Activated & This creates a reversible three-

dimensional
Thickeners non-activated)
network which increases the
viscosity.

Adhesion • silanes, Formation of chemical bonds

with the
promoter • silicones,
substrate surface and the
• titanium compounds,
binder; or
• amides,
increasing in the wettability of
the surface; or

formation of an interlayer
between substrate

and binder.
 RESIN

Resin: This is the component that identify the paint, several resins are used in paints

manufacturing, it works as binder for collecting all paint components, the mixture

of solvent and resin usually called “vehicle”. The binder (Resin) classified into

two classifications; the first classification is convertible binders which non fully

polymerized but it partially polymerized and it complete its polymerization during

film formation when painting. An example of convertible binders is polyurethane,

epoxy, and thermosetting acrylics. The second classification is the non-convertible resins that is
fully polymerized such as nitro cellulose and cellulose but this type not common in uses like the
first one.

SOLVENT

It’s the second component of vehicle beside resins the first one, it’s function to give flowability to
the paint to make easy applying, and dissolving the resin and other paint components. The
important principle in solvents working is “Like dissolves like”, solvent selection be according to
several factors such as its suitability to formula of paint, cost, and safety. The second important
factor in solvent working is the evaporation rate, some of solvents can work as retards to slow the
drying rate to give an open time for film drying, but it required from solvent to have a good
evaporation rate for speeding paint layers applying.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENTS
1. Classification based on working principle: Solvents has many types according to its working
principle:

Figure 1: Classsication of solvent according to working principle

2. Classification based on chemical structure:

Figure 2: Classification of solvent according to chemical structure
 FILLERS

Fillers is considered as additives but adding it with high quantities in paint formula, forcing to
consider it as a main component of paint formula, it has several types can perform a co-work as
fillers and others such as; retardants for flame like alumina tri hydrate (ATH). The most common
are calcium carbonate, talc, silica, wollastonite, clay, calcium sulfate, mica, glass structures, and
ATH. Fillers serve a number of purposes such as reducing cost.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PAINTS

Good paints possess several characteristics that make them effective for their intended purposes.
The specific characteristics can vary depending on the type of paint and its application, but some
common attributes of quality paints include:

1. Adhesion: Quality paints should adhere well to the surface they are applied to, ensuring good
coverage and long-lasting results. Proper adhesion prevents peeling, blistering, or flaking over
time.

2. Durability: Paints should be able to withstand wear and tear, exposure to the elements, and
cleaning without significant deterioration. Durable paints have a longer lifespan and require less
frequent maintenance.

3. Color Retention: Paints should maintain their color over time, resisting fading, yellowing, or
other color changes due to exposure to UV radiation and environmental factors.

4. Coverage: Quality paints provide good coverage with a relatively low number of coats,
reducing the amount of paint needed and the time spent on a project.

5. Consistency: Paints should have a consistent texture and thickness, free from lumps, clots, or
other irregularities. A consistent application ensures a smooth and even finish.

6. Ease of Application: Quality paints are easy to work with, offering good flow and leveling
properties. They should not be excessively thick or thin, making them suitable for brushing,
rolling, or spraying.
7. Low VOC Content: Low volatile organic compound (VOC) paints are environmentally
friendly and safer for human health. They release fewer harmful chemicals into the air during
and after application.

8. Fast Drying Time: Quick-drying paints allow for faster project completion and reduce the risk
of dust or debris adhering to the wet surface.

9. Resistance to Mold and Mildew: In damp or humid environments, quality paints should resist
the growth of mold and mildew, helping to maintain a clean and healthy living or working space.

10. Washability: Paints should be washable, especially in areas prone to dirt and stains. This
makes it easier to clean and maintain the painted surfaces.

11. Chemical Resistance: Some applications, such as industrial or automotive painting, require
paints to resist exposure to chemicals or solvents without deterioration.

12. UV Resistance: Exterior paints should be UV-resistant to prevent damage from prolonged
exposure to sunlight, which can cause fading and deterioration.

13. Environmental Considerations: High-quality paints may be environmentally friendly, with

low levels of hazardous materials and sustainable sourcing of raw materials.

14. Non-Toxic: Paints intended for indoor use should be non-toxic, ensuring the safety of
occupants, especially in homes and areas frequented by children and pets.

15. Compatibility: Paints should be compatible with the surface they are applied to, whether it's
wood, metal, concrete, or other materials.

16. Cost-Effectiveness: While quality paints may be slightly more expensive, they are often cost-
effective in the long run due to their durability and performance.

PURPOSE OF PAINTS

Paints serve several important purposes across various applications, both in domestic and
industrial settings. The primary purposes of paints include:
1. Protection: Paints act as a protective barrier for surfaces, shielding them from environmental
elements, such as moisture, UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, and pollutants. This
protection can help prevent degradation, corrosion, and damage.

2. Aesthetic Enhancement: One of the most common uses of paint is to enhance the appearance
of surfaces. Paints come in a wide range of colors and finishes, allowing for creative and
decorative choices to improve the visual appeal of buildings, furniture, vehicles, and other
objects.

3. Preservation: Paints are used to preserve surfaces and materials by preventing them from
deteriorating due to exposure to the elements. For example, exterior house paints protect wood
and other building materials from rot and decay.

4. Identification and Marking: Paints are used for marking and identifying objects or areas, such
as road markings, signage, safety markings, and labeling for machinery and equipment in
industrial settings.

5. Camouflage: Paints are employed for camouflage purposes in military applications, hunting,
and wildlife observation to blend into the surrounding environment and avoid detection.

6. Surface Preparation: Primers and undercoats are used to prepare surfaces for subsequent layers
of paint. They improve adhesion and ensure a uniform finish.

7. Restoration: Paints can be used to restore the appearance and functionality of older surfaces,
including furniture, antiques, and historic buildings.

8. Concealment: Paints are used to cover imperfections, stains, and blemishes on surfaces,
creating a smoother and more appealing finish.

9. Insulation: Some specialized paints, like thermal insulating paints, provide insulation
properties that can help reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency in buildings.

10. Waterproofing: Waterproof paints are used to create a water-resistant barrier on surfaces,
such as roofs, decks, and foundations, to prevent water infiltration.
11. Beutification: Paint is applied on a surface of metal or wood to impart beautiful apperance on
them.

PREPARATION OF PAINTS

The preparation of paint involves mixing various components to create a homogeneous mixture
that can be applied to surfaces for protective, decorative, or other purposes. The formulation of
paint can vary depending on the type of paint (e.g., water-based, oil-based, latex, enamel) and its
intended use. Here is a general overview of the preparation of typical water-based latex paint:

Ingredients:

Pigments: These provide color, opacity, and UV resistance to the paint.

Binders (Resins): Binders hold the pigments together and adhere them to the painted surface.
Common binders include acrylic, vinyl, or latex.

Solvents: Solvents help adjust the viscosity of the paint, making it easier to apply. In water-based
paints, water serves as the solvent.

Additives: Various additives are included to enhance performance, such as thickeners, anti-
foaming agents, preservatives, and drying agents.

Steps in the preparation of water-based latex paint:

1. Weighing and Mixing: The process begins with the accurate measurement and weighing of
pigments and binders according to the desired color and performance properties. These
ingredients are mixed together in a mixer to form a base paint.

2. Dispersion: The pigments in the base paint are not fully dispersed, so they undergo a milling
process. In this step, the mixture is ground to break down pigment agglomerates, resulting in a
smooth dispersion. This step ensures uniform color and coverage.
3. Let-down: The milled pigment dispersion is combined with additional binders, solvents, and
additives. The mixture is thoroughly mixed to achieve the desired viscosity, consistency, and
performance characteristics. The let-down process ensures that the paint is ready for application.

4. Quality Control: The prepared paint undergoes quality control tests to ensure it meets
specifications for color, viscosity, drying time, adhesion, and other relevant properties.

5. Packaging: Once the paint passes quality control, it is packaged into containers, such as cans
or buckets, for distribution and sale.

It's important to note that the preparation of oil-based paints involves different components, such
as oil-based binders (e.g., linseed oil) and mineral spirits as solvents. Additionally, the
formulation can vary for specific types of paint, such as enamel, primers, or specialty coatings.
Safety precautions, including proper ventilation and personal protective equipment, are essential
during the paint preparation process, as exposure to paint ingredients can be hazardous.
Additionally, adherence to local environmental regulations is crucial for the safe disposal of paint
waste and solvents. The specific formulation and preparation process may vary depending on the
manufacturer and the type of paint, so it's important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and
guidelines when working with paints.

General Paints manufacturing Procedures

Firstly, surface active agents, usually thickeners added to give a gel stage after that binders or oils
added, in addition to adding pigment and fillers also amount of solvent added, this procedure called
premixing, after that a sample sent to laboratory to get a report about its fineness, viscosity, and
density. If the fineness not meet the required specifications, the mixture charged to the milling unit,
after that the other additives and the rest amount of solvent added and mixed in a procedure called
thinning, after this procedure another sample sent to the laboratory to done some tests such as,
viscosity, density, and hiding power. If test results meet the required specification, the quality lab.
Give a permission to start packaging, and before that the final mixture purified using a bar screen,
after that it packaged manually, semi-automatic, or automatic according production volume, figure
(3) show the flow sheet of paints manufacturing
Figure 3: Paints manufacturing flow chat