Sheet 2

Sheet 2
Air standard cycle

1.
a) An Otto cycle engine has a compression ratio of 8.0. What is the engine's
thermal efficiency?
b) Suppose you want to design an Otto cycle engine with a thermal
efficiency of 45 percent. What compression ratio must you use?
2. In an ideal Otto cycle, the temperature at the end of the heat addition
process is 2600 °F, and the temperature at the end of the expansion
process is 883 °F. What is the compression ratio?
3. Calculate the ideal air standard cycle efficiency based on the Otto cycle in a
petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 50mm, a stroke of 75mm, and a
clearance volume of 21.3 cm3
4. A four-stroke Otto-cycle has a crankshaft speed of 2000 rpm, a compression

ratio of 8, and a displacement volume of 1.5 liters. At the start of
compression the air is at 293 K, 0.1013 MPa. The peak cycle temperature is
equal to the 2000 K source temperature. The compression and expansion
processes are each reversible and adiabatic. Assuming constant specific
heats, make a complete thermal analysis of the engine and find:
a) The heat added per Kg
b) The heat rejected per Kg.
c) The cycle work done
5. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and starting conditions of 35°C

and 1 bar. Heat is added until the pressure becomes 35 bar. Calculate:
a) The pressure, temperature and volume at each corner.
b) The heat added.
c) The mean effective pressure.
d) If the engine has a relative efficiency of 50%, determine the fuel
consumption per Kw.hr. Assume that the calorific value of the fuel is
42000Kj/Kg.
6. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm x 254.0 mm Otto gas

engine is 1.70 liters. Find the ideal thermal efficiency of the engine on the
standard air basis, if the exponent of the expansion and compression lines
is 1.35. Express in percent
7. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the

isentropic compression process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35°C and 600 cm3
The temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K.
Determine
a) the highest temperature in the cycle
b) the highest pressure in the cycle
c) the amount of heat transferred in
d) the thermal efficiency
e) the mean effective pressure.
8. The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of

the compression stroke, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is
15°C. The heat transferred to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Draw the (P-V)
diagram of the cycle and determine:
a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle.
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
c) The mean effective pressure.
1. An engine working on Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and cut-off
takes place at 5% of the stroke. Find the air-standard efficiency. Assume
value of y = 1.4 for air.
2. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The

maximum cycle temperature is 1,700ºC. At the beginning of compression,
the air is at 100 KPa abs and 40ºC. What is the cut-off ratio?
3. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and the heat
transferred to the working fluid per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of
the compression process, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is
15°C. Draw the (PV) diagram of the cycle and determine:
a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle.
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
c) The mean effective pressure
4. In a diesel cycle, the initial conditions are 27°C and 1 bar. The compression
ratio is 20 and the cutoff ratio is 2, calculate:
a) The temperature, pressure and volume at the cycle key points.
b) The heat added, the heat rejected and the cycle thermal efficiency.
5. Consider an air standard diesel cycle in which the working fluid has the
following properties at the beginning of compression; temperature = 298 K,
pressure = 1 atm, and specific volume of 0.856 m3/Kg. if the compression
ratio = 15 and the heat added is 200 Kcal/Kg. Calculate:
a) The pressure and temperature and volume at the cycle key points.
b) The thermal efficiency.
d) The output power if the engine consumes 0.2 kg/sec of air. Cp = 0.238 and
Cv = 0.17 kcal/kg oC.
6. In a diesel cycle, the initial conditions are 1 kg/cm2 and 20 oC, the
compression ratio is 12.5 and the maximum temperature is 3300 oC.
Calculate:
a) The heat added per kg,
b) The heat rejected per kg,
c) The cycle work done, and
d) The thermal efficiency.
1. A compression ignition engine working on dual cycle has a cylinder bore of

20 cm and stroke of 30 cm. It operates with a compression ratio of 8. At start
of compression, the cylinder is full of air at 1 kg/cm2 and 25 oC. The heat
added at constant volume is timed for a maximum pressure of 60 kg/cm2.
The heat added at constant pressure continuous for 4 % of the stroke.
Calculate:
a) Amount of heat added,
b) Amount of heat rejected,
c) Thermal efficiency,
d) The mean effective pressure, and
e) The cutoff ratio and the pressure ratio.
2. The compression ratio of an engine is 10 and the temperature and pressure at

the start of compression is 37 °C and 1 bar. The compression and expansion
processes are both isentropic and the heat is rejected at exhaust at constant
volume. The amount of heat added during the cycle is 2730 kJ/kg.
Determine the mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency of the cycle if
(i) the maximum pressure is limited to 70 bar and heat is added at both
constant volume and constant pressure and (ii) if all the heat is added at
constant volume. In this case how much additional work per kg of charge
would be obtained if it were possible to expand isentropically the exhaust
gases to their original pressure of 1 bar. Assume that the charge has the same
physical properties as that of air.
3. A high-speed diesel engine working on ideal dual cycle. Takes in air at 50
°C and 1 Kg/cm2 and compresses it to 1/14 of its original volume. At the end
of compression, the heat is added so that the maximum pressure attains twice
the value at the end of compression. The rest of heat addition takes place at
constant pressure so that the volume at the end of heat addition is twice the
clearance volume. Calculate:
a) The temperature, pressure and volume at the key points.
b) The cycle thermal efficiency, the cutoff ratio (rc) and the expansion ratio
(re).
4. In a dual cycle, the heat added at constant volume is equal to that added at
constant pressure. The compression ratio is 13.5, the maximum cycle
pressure is 50 kg/cm2 and the initial conditions are 1 kg/cm2 and 20 oC.
Calculate:
a) The heat added, heat rejected and the work done.
b) The thermal efficiency.

Sheet 2 - Air Stanard Cycle

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Air standard cycle

4. A four-stroke Otto-cycle has a crankshaft speed of 2000 rpm, a compression

5. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and starting conditions of 35°C

6. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm x 254.0 mm Otto gas

7. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the

8. The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of

2. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The

1. A compression ignition engine working on dual cycle has a cylinder bore of

2. The compression ratio of an engine is 10 and the temperature and pressure at

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