CHAPTER 1

Perspectives on Sexuality
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Though sexuality in general may be difficult for some people to talk about, why is it almost impossible to
ignore?
a) People are always trying to force you to talk about sex.
b) There are many social and cultural messages out there about sexuality, including very subtle ones.
c) It is far too commonly found in the public school curricula.
d) The internet is full of porn.

2. Maria believes that people should only have sex inside committed relationships, and that anyone who has sex
outside of these relationships is a slut or a whore. Maria's beliefs about what is good and bad are a ________.
a) social exclusion, likely informed by religious beliefs
b) social confusion, likely informed by uneducated caregivers
c) social construction, likely formed by media
d) social refusing, likely informed by peer groups

3. What role do media play in shaping our beliefs about sexuality?

a) It provides a balanced and objective perspective on sexual norms.
b) It creates and dictates societal norms, including norms about sexuality.
c) It illustrates the wide diversity of sexual scripts available for people today.
d) It conveys the importance of openness and honesty in non-monogamous relationships.

4. During the Victorian era, media often conveyed messages about sexuality in subtle, hidden ways, such as
advertising vibrators for medical reasons. This was primarily driven by ________.
a) religious censorship
b) poor advertising strategies
c) high consumer compliance
d) lack of interest in sex

5. Lady Mary went to see a physician in the 1890s because she was distressed. The physician treated her with a
vibrator. What was the likely diagnosis?
a) hysteria
b) marital infidelity
c) depression
d) ADHD

6. Why did scholar Thomas Malthus argue that sexually explicit material should be suppressed?
a) Original sin by Adam and Eve had horrible consequences.
b) The only sexual thoughts a person should have should be towards their partner in a Christian marriage.
c) Children's schoolwork could be negatively affected if they were thinking about sex.
d) Sexually explicit material would lead to an increase in the population that would overtax diminishing natural
resources.

7. In which decade did advertisers first begin to increase the use of sex in their campaigns?

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a) 1920s
b) 1930s
c) 1940s
d) 1950s

8. Why do advertisers use scantily clad women in advertising?

a) to exploit women's insecurities about their appearances, leading them to buy products so they can appear
more like the "sexual ideal"
b) to arouse women sexually, which has been linked to increased willingness to spend money
c) to create associations between the product and a pleasurable activity (sex), making them more likely to buy
the product
d) to make women feel beautiful so they will "treat themselves" to new products

9. The 1950s brought about greater openness in advertising related to sexual content. This included at least three
major 1950s ad campaigns: Maidenform's "I dream," Revlon's "fire and ice," and Clairol's "Does she or doesn't
she? (colour her hair, that is!)". This shift is largely attributed to ______.
a) the Shere Hite Report
b) the Speculum Doctrinale
c) Hugh Hefner
d) the Kinsey Reports

10. Television in North America has the potential to raise concerns over what should and shouldn't be permitted
in terms of sexual content. What question does this raise?
a) Who is allowed to have sex on television?
b) How explicit can sexual content be?
c) Should sexual violence be shown?
d) all of the above

11. What type of scene resulted in an American television company being fined $3.6 million?
a) two men kissing
b) a teenage orgy
c) topless adult women
d) a lesbian couple raising a child

12. Sam and Donald are in a same-sex relationship. They met a few years ago online. Why were they more
likely to meet online than most mixed-sex couples?
a) They were three times more likely because, on average, people attracted to the same sex hold fewer notions
of taboos associated with online dating.
b) They were ten times more likely because same-sex couples rarely go on dates or associate with other non-
heterosexual people.
c) They were twice as likely because the "gay villages" are not as popular as they once were since the advent of
the internet.
d) They are not more likely to meet online than anyone else.

13. What is lacking in most media portrayals of sexual activity?

a) safer-sex messaging
b) traditional gender roles

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c) romantic portrayals of love
d) real-life scenarios

14. What is the main drawback to the "fantasy model" of sex portrayed in today's media?
a) Fantasies are not a good indicator of sexual behaviour and are unlikely to change someone's sexual practices.
b) Fantasies rarely include safer-sex messaging about unwanted pregnancies and STIs.
c) Fantasies are not real and have no place in sexual scripts.
d) Fantasies often include hypersexualized people, which may distort erotic attractions.

15. Jake is caught up in the heat of the moment of a sexual encounter with his current partner Pam. In the
middle of their sexual encounter, Pam asks Jake if they should use a condom. Jake is somewhat surprised that
she asked this question because this was not how he envisioned the sexual encounter progressing. What did
Pam's question conflict with?
a) Jake's self-efficacy
b) Jake's masculinity
c) Jake's sexual script
d) Jake's ability to read sexual innuendos

16. What percentage of television programs contain some form of sexual content?
a) 80 per cent
b) 70 per cent
c) 50 per cent
d) 40 per cent

17. Which of the following are credited for increasing demand for contraception in Mexico, India, and Kenya?
a) television shows
b) internet websites
c) movies
d) magazine ads

18. Showing scenarios on television where men contract syphilis from other men will likely result in which of
the following?
a) more men who engage in sex with men getting tested for syphilis
b) fewer men who engage in sex with men getting tested for syphilis
c) more men and women getting tested for syphilis
d) fewer men and women getting tested for syphilis

19. Hollywood films and other forms of televised media have historically depicted black male's sexuality very
differently than other races. Based on this situation, which of the following is NOT true?
a) Hollywood films tend to dehumanize black males by objectifying their bodies during sex scenes far more
often than occurs with white males.
b) Black males are often depicted as blue collar (manual labor) workers with greater muscular features, which
suggest greater sexual aggression.
c) Black males are often given roles in which sex without intimacy is the norm and sexual partners are
acknowledged through domination and for violence.
d) Black music videos are more sexualized than are white music videos.

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20. Ally just saw an animated television show where the main character was transgender with a female love
interest. This show most likely originated in which country?
a) Japan
b) Morocco
c) Samoa
d) the United States of America

21. Ava is used to seeing sexuality and fluid gender roles explored in movies and graphic novels, including
transgender and intersex issues, but she would never discuss her sexuality, especially in terms of sexual and
gender diversity. Where does Ava most likely live?
a) Asia
b) the Middle East
c) North America
d) Europe

22. In which medium is it common to stretch sexual acts beyond what one might expect, such as showing a
penis penetrating an ear?
a) Arabic movies
b) Anime
c) Hentai
d) North American television

23. Until what century in Catholicism was sexual activity that did not involve penile-vaginal penetration
forbidden and criminally punished?
a) the first century CE
b) the fourth century CE
c) the fifth century BCE
d) the tenth century CE

24. Which of the following methods of birth control is forbidden in Judaism?

a) birth control pill
b) condom
c) IUD
d) rhythm method

25. Which of the following religions tolerates male masturbation, depending on the source of interpretation?
a) Islam
b) Judaism
c) Roman Catholicism
d) Hinduism

26. What does the term hijra refer to?

a) a third gender
b) a sexual position
c) an aphrodisiac

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d) a form of bondage

27. At what level of government is sexual health education decided in Canada?

a) municipal
b) federal
c) provincial
d) regional

28. Which of the following was a finding published in Henry Havelock Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex?
a) It is our version of sex that is "normal."
b) Sexual behaviour is determined by biology.
c) If left to their own desires, humans would develop a range of sexual expressions which should be considered
"normal."
d) In the Mehinaku culture in Brazil, kissing on the lips does not occur.

29. What medical problem did the advertisers of the first vibrators promise to solve?
a) back pain
b) hysteria
c) chest congestion
d) headaches

30. Last week in sex class, John learned that in some parts of the world some people marry their first cousins
and in other places engage in same-sex activities as a rite of passage into adulthood. John thought this was
disgusting and could not understand why these things would happen. John's reaction is an example of
_____________.
a) introversion
b) ethnocentrism
c) self-efficacy
d) conversion therapy

31. Which of the following is NOT true of Judaism in regards to sexuality?

a) Abortion is permitted, in some circumstances.
b) Foreplay is encouraged.
c) Masturbation is encouraged.
d) Divorce is permitted.

32. Though monotheistic religions often vary in many ways, one universal is that they all ___________.
a) attempt to control or regulate sexuality in some way
b) harshly condemn masturbation
c) view sex outside of marriage as punishable by death
d) attempt only to regulate young women's sexual behaviours

33. What belief did the "Eve versus Mary" narrative in the Christian tradition substantiate?
a) the belief that women are either Madonnas or whores
b) the belief that sexuality is a necessary part of every good woman
c) the belief that women are ultimately more powerful than men
d) the belief that a sexually corrupt woman can still be morally righteous

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34. According to Jewish tradition, which of the following events is NOT followed by ritual cleansing?
a) menstruation
b) nocturnal emissions
c) childbirth
d) circumcision

35. Which form of contraception is permitted in Judaism under certain circumstances?

a) a condom
b) a diaphragm
c) the birth control pill
d) None of these are permitted.

36. In modern Judaism, what is the primary purpose of sex?

a) reproduction
b) to strengthen the bond between man and god
c) to avoid nocturnal emissions
d) to reinforce the marital bond

37. Why was a woman's choice to remain a virgin a subversive act in early Christianity?
a) She was seen as claiming control over her own body, rather than submitting to men.
b) She was seen as closer to God than those who engaged in sexual activity.
c) She was not following the path set out for her in the Bible.
d) She was seen as having valuable biblical knowledge.

38. Why is abortion not accepted after 120 days (except in extreme circumstances), according to Islamic law?
a) This is approximately the time when the mother will feel the baby start to move in her womb.
b) The fetus is ensouled at 120 days.
c) The Prophet Muhammed was born at 120 days gestation.
d) 120 is a holy number in Islam.

39. The treatment of women in early Islam can best be described as _____________.
a) more equal with less division of gender roles compared to later Islam
b) very difficult for women, particularly in relation to the control of sexual activity
c) harsh and cruel, especially for young women
d) fairly equal, in which women were often seen as the head of the household

40. Many of the Church's more repressive views of sexuality were based on the teachings of the Church Fathers,
an early group of theologians that included St Augustine. Which of the following was one of the beliefs of St
Augustine and his followers?
a) The original sin of Adam and Eve was transmitted to every human through ejaculation.
b) Men had an obligation to remain celibate in order to get closer to God.
c) Sexual activity must be forbidden on Sundays and other holy days.
d) Women and men who engaged in sexual acts without the express result of procreation were viewed as
equally depraved.

41. In 1996, Gwen Jacobs successfully challenged Canadian Courts and won the right for women across Canada
to do what?

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a) have abortions
b) go topless in public
c) work legally in the sex trade
d) claim birth control as a healthcare expense

42. How many countries legalized same-sex marriage at the federal level before Canada?
a) one
b) two
c) three
d) four

43. If you go topless in Canada, in which provinces will you be breaking the law?
a) Alberta or Quebec
b) all provinces
c) everywhere but Ontario
d) You are never breaking the law if you are topless in Canada.

44. Which of the following did the Supreme Court of Canada rule in 2003?
a) that homosexual couples should have the same rights as married heterosexual couples
b) that homosexual couples should have the same rights as heterosexual married or common-law couples
concerning pension but not employer health benefits
c) that homosexual couples should have the same rights as common-law heterosexual couples
d) that common-law couples should have the same rights as legally married couples

45. In what year did the United States legalize sexual activity between members of the same sex?
a) 1930
b) 1952
c) 1980
d) 2003

46. Anne and Lisa are a same-sex couple living in the United States and they want to get married. When they
research same-sex marriage, what will they find?
a) They can marry anywhere in the United States now that gay marriage is legal at the federal level.
b) They can't legally marry anywhere in the United States.
c) They can marry in a state where gay marriage is legal, and then their marriage will have to be recognized as
legal in the other states.
d) They can legally marry in some states, but their marriage will only be recognized as legal in those states.

47. Homosexuality was decriminalized in Canada _________ years before it was decriminalized in the United
States.
a) 2
b) 12
c) 25
d) 34

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48. In what province would a person receive government-funded sex reassignment surgery?
a) any province in Canada
b) in Quebec
c) in British Columbia
d) in Ontario

49. Which of the following statements best characterizes the differences between same-sex and mixed-sex
couples?
a) Most mixed-sex couples fight more about housework.
b) Gender differences are more pronounced in same-sex relationships.
c) There is very little difference in terms of the interpersonal aspects of the relationship.
d) Sexual satisfaction is higher among mixed-sex couples.

50. Why is it important for legalized marriage to be open to both same-sex and mixed-sex couples?
a) It is not necessary; an institutionalized form of social support does not contribute to the wellbeing of couples,
regardless of whether they are same-sex or mixed-sex.
b) All couples should be able to file joint federal tax returns and enjoy other benefits of marriage.
c) Having an institutionalized form of social support for relationships is associated with positive mental and
physical health for individuals in the relationship.
d) It would help even out the differences between same-sex and mixed-sex couples.

51. At the 2011 bi-annual Summit of the Commonwealth, a report was submitted that called for the creation of a
human rights commissioner who would monitor the legal and social treatment of LGBTQ+ individuals in the
Commonwealth. Which of the following is the most likely reason why the suggestion was not followed
through?
a) Sexual diversity is not a human rights issue.
b) Fourty-one of the fifty-two Commonwealth countries still have laws against same-sex sexual activity.
c) It would be too expensive to monitor legal and social treatment in these countries.
d) It is wrong for this type of organization to interfere with the laws of nations.

52. How does the United States of America compare to Canada in terms of legalization of same-sex marriages?
a) The path to legalization was roughly the same in both countries, with Canada legalizing same-sex marriage
only a decade before the United States.
b) Canada has been more progressive than the United States, decriminalizing same-sex sexual acts in the 1960s.
c) The United States has been more progressive than Canada, holding the first Pride parade in 1970.
d) Both countries have been slow to grant equal rights to same-sex couples.

53. In Canada, it was illegal for women to go topless before 1996, as female breasts were sexualized by men,
and therefore, unlike male breasts, considered a private body part. What was the primary issue with this
argument?
a) It gave women a negative view of their bodies.
b) It made it more difficult for women to breastfeed in public.
c) It presumed men would be unable to function normally if they were around exposed breasts.
d) It presented a double standard for men and women for what is essentially the same body part.

54. Which of the following is NOT one of the differences between the view of sexuality in North America and
Europe?

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a) North America has a lower age of consent than Europe.
b) Full-frontal nudity of males and females is much more common in European films.
c) Female toplessness is more widely accepted in Europe.
d) European countries began legalizing same-sex marriage before North American countries.

55. Boris went on vacation with his boyfriend, Matt. Matt insisted that they book separate rooms in the hotel
and not hold hands or kiss when they go out or they could be arrested. Boris was incredulous, but Matt showed
him the law online. Where did they most likely travel?
a) Poland
b) Nigeria
c) Texas, USA
d) Japan

56. According to St Augustine, what is the only acceptable way to engage in sexual intercourse?
a) doggy-style
b) face-to-face position
c) side-to-side position
d) cowgirl

57. Which of the following beliefs about sexuality is most universal?

a) the incest taboo
b) intolerance of homosexuality
c) monogamy
d) same-sex marriage

58. Canada shifted its policies regarding Syrian refugees in order to better help which of the following groups?
a) gay men
b) single mothers
c) prostitutes
d) HIV-positive individuals

59. Which area of Canada reports the highest frequencies of sexual intercourse?
a) the Maritimes
b) Quebec
c) Ontario
d) British Columbia

60. What aspect of gay marriage does Bill C-32 relate to?
a) divorce
b) adoption
c) name changes
d) estates

61. Mareille has a picture of herself with the first prime minister of Canada to march in a gay pride parade. Who
is posing with Mareille in the picture?
a) Justin Trudeau
b) Pierre Trudeau
c) Stephen Harper
d) Jean Chretien

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62. Which Olympic Games were protested because of laws that forbid the expression of sexual orientation in
that location?
a) Sochi
b) Seoul
c) Rio
d) Vancouver

63. Polly remembers celebrating the day that same-sex marriage became legal across Canada. What year is
Polly recalling?
a) 2001
b) 2003
c) 2005
d) 2007

64. Sarah enjoys sunbathing topless. Where in Canada will other sunbathers be least likely to view Sarah's
choice favourably?
a) British Columbia
b) Quebec
c) Ontario
d) Saskatchewan

65. Where in Canada was "teen" the top search term on Pornhub in 2014?
a) British Columbia
b) Quebec
c) Ontario
d) Nova Scotia

66. The first interracial kiss on American television was shown on ________.
a) Star Trek
b) Beverly Hills, 90210
c) The Bill Cosby Show
d) The A-Team

67. Fran is having a heated argument with, Peter, a fundamentalist Christian, about when a fetus becomes a
baby. Peter says it happens right at the moment of fertilization. Fran replies, "Well, then apparently this truth
has changed over time, because many early figures in Christian church argued that a fetus doesn't have a soul
until ______."
a) it begins to kick and move in the womb
b) 120 days after conception
c) it is blessed by a priest
d) the mother starts experiencing morning sickness

68. By the end of the first century BCE, most Jewish relationships were ________.
a) polygamous
b) monogamous
c) polyamorous
d) menopausal

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69. According to your text, women usually enter menopause somewhere between the ages of ________.
a) 35 and 45
b) 45 and 55
c) 55 and 65
d) 65 and 75

70. In the traditional practice of Judaism, which aspect of sexuality would require a ritual cleansing afterwards?
a) nocturnal emissions
b) childbearing
c) menstruation
d) all of the above

71. Up until 2014, some Islamic groups in Indonesia took part in a pilgrimage in the Javanese village of Solo
where ________.
a) young men are expected to perform fellatio on older boys/men
b) unmarried individuals engaged in sex with a stranger in order to bring themselves luck
c) married individuals engaged in sex with a stranger in order to bring themselves luck
d) unmarried individuals have casual and group sex

72. In Japanese, the term hentai means ________.

a) pervert
b) sex
c) explicit
d) orgasm

73. In some areas of the Himalayas, a woman may be married to multiple men. This practice is referred to as
_________.
a) polyamory
b) polygony
c) polyandry
d) polymer

74. Unlike Christianity, many interpretations of Islam promoted having sex for pleasure within a marriage,
however, there are times where sex would be prohibited. Which of the following is not a time to prohibit sex
according to Islam?
a) during the daylight hour of Ramadan
b) forty days after giving birth
c) during menstruation
d) during pregnancy

75. With regards to the practice of Hinduism and aspects of human sexuality, which statement is true?
a) Sex outside of marriage is widely practiced.
b) Divorce is permitted by the religion.
c) Masturbation is never tolerated.
d) Abortion is opposed in religious texts.

76. When comparing Canada and the US on aspects of sexuality, which statement is false?
a) Canadian and American women report a similar number of sexual partners.
b) Canadian and American men report a similar number of sexual partners.

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c) The percentage of individuals who reported having had a threesome is about the same for Canada and the US.
d) The percentage of individuals who reported having had a one-night stand is about the same for Canada and
the US.

77. According a 2005 Durex survey, Canadian men reported having approximately ________ lifetime sexual
partners.
a) 4
b) 7
c) 13
d) 23

78. In a recent study on the effects of cannabis use on sexuality, Lynn et al. (2019) found that ________.
a) cannabis improves satisfaction with orgasm when used prior to sex by women
b) cannabis improves satisfaction with orgasm when used prior to sex by men
c) cannabis impairs satisfaction with orgasm when used prior to sex by women
d) cannabis impairs satisfaction with orgasm when used prior to sex by men

79. Which statement about reporting sexual assault in Canada is false?

a) The rate at which sexual assaults are reported to the police differs across the Provinces.
b) The rate at which sexual assaults are reported to the police is about the same across the Provinces.
c) The Prairies and BC had higher rates of reporting sexual assaults to police.
d) It is difficult to accurately interpret crime report data when it comes to sexual assault.

80. According to Canadian census data, approximately ________ percent of same-sex couples are legally
married.
a) 13
b) 33
c) 50
d) 67

81. Which of the following statements is true when comparing same-sex relationships with mixed-sex
relationships?
a) The division of labour is often less gendered in same-sex relationships.
b) Individuals are less affected by the loss of a partner in same-sex relationships.
c) Individuals are less affected by the loss of a partner in mixed-sex relationships.
d) There are a large number of differences when comparing same-sex relationships with mixed-sex
relationships.

82. In 2012, which Canadian Province became the first to allow transgender people to change the gender on
their birth certificate without having sex reassignment surgery?
a) British Columbia
b) Newfoundland and Labrador
c) Quebec
d) Ontario

83. In Canada, female toplessness ________.

a) is legal in all Provinces and Territories
b) has unclear legal rules and ramifications that differ by Province
c) is not considered taboo by most

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d) is widely practiced in all Provinces and Territories

84. Who is considered to be the Hindu god of love and desire?

a) Artha
b) Dharma
c) Kamadeva
d) Brahmacharya

85. The most common form of birth control at the time of the Prophet Muhammad was ________.
a) the condom
b) withdrawal
c) douching
d) the calendar method

86. In early Judaism, which of the following taboos was not punishable by death according to various books of
the Torah?
a) incest
b) female masturbation
c) bestiality
d) sexual behaviour between men

87. Which statement is true regarding Japanese Anime and gender roles?
a) Transgender themes are often used for comic relief.
b) Transgender themes are less prevalent than in North American film and TV.
c) Characters often display less sexual and gender fluidity than in North American film and TV.
d) Characters always conform to the Western binary of gender/sex.

88. The most common dyadic relationship pattern throughout most of the world is ________.
a) polygamy
b) polyandry
c) polyamory
d) monogamy

89. ________ is a term that best defines a type of role play or lifestyle choice between two or more individuals
that includes a wide range of activities involving safe and consensual manipulations of erotic power.
a) BDSM
b) Hentai
c) Sadism
d) Masochism

90. The Supreme court of Canada ruled that is was against ________ of the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms to deny same-sex couples the protections afforded to heterosexuals in common-law relationships.
a) Section 2
b) Section 15
c) Section 7
d) Section 10

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

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1. The ________ model of sexual behaviour, most often portrayed in popular media in North America, ignores
risks such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

2. Some feminists argue that the Greek myth of ________ perpetuates the idea that sexual knowledge needs to
be controlled by men.

3. Birth control is acceptable in Judaism as long as it is not a ________ method.

4. According to the Islamic religion, it is the ________ who decides if birth control is used within a marriage.

5. The last individual to have been incarcerated for "homosexuality" in Canada was ________ ________, sent
to prison in 1967 and released in 1971.

6. The tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is the norm is known as ______.

7. Sexually explicit comics from Japan are called ________.

8. In the Himalayas, it is not uncommon to observe fraternal _______.

9. In India, a person who identifies as belonging to the third gender is referred to as ______.

10. Same-sex marriage became legal across Canada in ________.

11. Same-sex marriage became legal across the United States in ________.

12. The practice of having multiple wives is known as ________.

13. An Indigenous person who embodies both male and female identities is referred to as ________-________.

14. A ________ ________ is an involuntary ejaculation of semen during sleep (commonly known as "wet
dream").

15. ________ is a controversial mental illness/disease that was seen as being specific to women and
characterized by the conversion of psychological stresses into physical symptoms, as well as volatile emotions
and attention-seeking behaviours.

16. The internal experience of femaleness and/or maleness, or neither, or other gender(s) is called ________
________.

17. ________ is the act of killing a child within a year of its birth.

18. The physical manifestation of one's gender identity through appearance (e.g., hairstyle), clothing, and
behaviour is called ________ ________.

19. Gay men and lesbians have been allowed to serve openly in the Canadian Armed Forces since ________.

20. An illness, disease, or infection transmitted from one person to another by means of sexual behaviour is
called a ________ ________ ________.

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ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. What role do media play in shaping identities and norms related to sexuality?

2. Dr. Green would like to conduct an experiment that compares views of acceptable sexual behaviour between
two groups of youths: one that reports having viewed a lot of sexuality in media, and one that reports having
viewed little sexuality in media. What might be some of the confounding (third variable) problems?

3. Describe at least two studies that have examined the impact of sexual imagery on consumer product
recognition.

4. Based on your textbook, what are the pros and cons related to the popularity of sexual content on the
Internet?

5. How has the advent of the Internet affected sexual behaviour and well-being?

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 ANSWER KEY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. b 31. c 61. a
2. c 32. a 62. a
3. b 33. a 63. c
4. a 34. d 64. d
5. a 35. c 65. a
6. d 36. d 66. a
7. d 37. a 67. a
8. a 38. b 68. b
9. d 39. a 69. b
10. d 40. a 70. d
11. b 41. b 71. c
12. a 42. c 72. a
13. a 43. d 73. c
14. b 44. c 74. d
15. c 45. d 75. d
16. b 46. a 76. b
17. a 47. d 77. d
18. a 48. d 78. a
19. b 49. c 79. b
20. a 50. c 80. b
21. a 51. b 81. a
22. c 52. b 82. d
23. b 53. d 83. b
24. b 54. a 84. c
25. d 55. b 85. b
26. a 56. b 86. b
27. c 57. a 87. a
28. c 58. a 88. d
29. b 59. a 89. a
30. b 60. a 90. b

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. fantasy 8. polyandry 15. Hysteria
2. Pandora 9. hijra 16. gender identity
3. barrier 10. 2005 17. Infanticide
4. wife 11. 2015 18. gender expression
5. Everett Klippert 12. polygamy 19. 1992
6. ethnocentricism 13. two-spirit 20. sexually transmitted
7. hentai 14. nocturnal emission infection

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Media play a large role in the formation of our identities and norms. Media help to shape how we think of
ourselves, and others, in terms of gender, class, and race. Media also help to create and dictate societal norm,
including norms about sexuality (Kellner, 2003). From media, we learn what is "normal" (Chapter 15), what we
"should" desire, and what to buy—or buy into—in order to achieve the most satisfaction and normalcy. The

Human Sexuality: A Contemporary Introduction, Third Edition

© Oxford University Press Canada, 2020
idea of what is "good" and what is "bad" is a social construction, and much of this social construction is created
through media. Sometimes media are blatantly obvious in their intentions, but many times messages are
conveyed through subtle advertising (Figure 1.1). What is portrayed in media does not necessarily reflect the
reality of society; however, the ways in which characters are developed, plots played out, and topics focused on
(or not) certainly provide insight into underlying attitudes about sexuality and LGBTQ+ individuals.

2. A good response will discuss at least two confounding factors. One is that it is difficult to know whether
children's self-reports were accurate; some may falsely claim not to see sex in the media for fear of getting in
trouble, or some may falsely claim to have seen sexually explicit material in order to seem "mature." Another
confound is that whether children have or have not seen sexually explicit material is not random and that factors
such as parenting styles or religious beliefs may determine both whether a child has seen sexually explicit
material and may influence what the child deems appropriate sexual behaviour. Thus, it would be difficult to
conclude that views of appropriate sexual behaviour were "caused" by viewing or not viewing the sexually
explicit material.
3. Research into the effect of sex on consumer behaviour has produced mixed results. In some cases sexual
material has no impact on the ability of the consumer to remember a product's name if the product is not sex
related (e.g., Severn, Belch, and Belch (1990)) which suggests that sex may not help sales, but in other cases,
such as Gallup Research (2012), consumers were found to be 77 per cent better at recalling a product's name if
sex was used in the advertising, regardless of what the product was. It seems reasonable to conclude that sex
can impact a consumer's behaviour but that it is not guaranteed to affect a consumer's behaviour.
4. This development has led to the need for a variety of parental control features to help parents monitor the
content that their children access online. The proliferation of online chat sites, message boards, role-playing
systems (e.g. Second Life), and social networking sites (e.g. Facebook) has inadvertently provided sexual
predators with a ripe new hunting ground for young victims. As a result, entirely new divisions of law
enforcement have emerged to focus specifically on sex crimes facilitated by the Internet. The Internet has also
played a positive role in promoting healthy, safe, and diverse human sexuality and behaviour. For example, the
Internet has become a source of accessible sex education, has contributed to the normalizing of sexuality and
diverse sexual identities, and has provided a new means of meeting potential partners.

5. Although the advent of the Internet has provided access of explicit sexual material and vulnerability of young
people whose parents do not employ parental controls, the general consensus is that the overall impact of the
Internet on sexual health has been positive. The Internet has had a particularly positive impact on facilitating the
development of relationships between people in marginalized sexual groups such as members of the LGBTQ+
community.

Human Sexuality: A Contemporary Introduction, Third Edition

© Oxford University Press Canada, 2020