9

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies with a connection

to this research. This will also present the synthesis of the state of the art and the

gap to the bridged by the study in this chapter. It contains also the theoretical and

conceptual framework to understand the research completely and for better

comprehension of the study it includes the definition of terms.

Related Literature

The related literature of this study comes from articles, books, published

documents, and essays on the internet. It will help the researchers to have a

deeper understanding on the study and for the improvement of the study.

According to Alder, Muller, Stahl, and Muller (2018) in their article, with

flexible learning, students gain access and flexibility with regard to at least one of

the following dimensions: time, place, pace, learning style, content, assessment

or learning path1. The student is more flexible in learning and can learn by having

privilege as to what, where, how, and when they study. It lessens the learning

time in a classroom. With an e-learning environment, studying replaces studying

in schools for flexibility. Capable of customizing the mode of learning, it

 10

addresses how physical space is used. The traditional schedule in schools

reorganizes to provide students with time for the activities.

According to Nedeak (2020) in her article, Pandemic covid-19 has made

the learning system on campus forced to change drastically from face-to-face

meetings to distance learning online. Many campuses that do not yet have online

learning infrastructure are forced to conduct online lectures amid the existing

limitations2. The learning system has adjustment from the traditional face to face

classes to a distance learning. The research tried to look into by using social

media is how far the significant effect in distance learning. The results ends that

using social media the distance learning is effective in theoretical practical

courses while the practical and distance field courses are less effective by using

social media.

According to Garcia and Weiss (2020) in their reports the COVID-19

pandemic affected the education system, overwhelming the works and

consequences of some that were already stressed in many respects. This is true

across the world and affects all, in multiple factors including where they live, their

ages, family backgrounds, and ability to access some substitute educational

opportunities now in the pandemic3. The education system is one factor affected

by this pandemic. Not only in our country but all over the world, the community is

stressed by this problem that the world is facing. Covid-19 slowing the economy

in the world and has affected day to day life. The present study will serve a basis

for the enhancement in teaching and learning.

 11

According to Collis and Moonen; Kogan Page, London, (2001) the earlier

book was focused on distance learning, but this one explores how learning can

be made more flexible for campus-based students as well as those who are

studying at a distance. Flexible Learning in a Digital World is more compact,

offering a structured means to understanding flexible learning, along with sets of

guidelines that can help in its adoption within an institution 4. The flexible learning

in the digital world is changing in learning, teaching, and technology. Learning

can be made more flexible for those students studying at a distance. This change

is considered in a broad and integrated way using flexible learning as the

integrating concept.

According to Latchem and Hanna (2002), this case study describes the

experience of trying to 'practice what we preach' in terms of offering professional

development for learning and teaching in a flexible way 5. As universities move

forward, pressure towards flexible learning and teaching in higher education

increases. Academic staff are the first one to be exposed to flexible learning in

order to exercise the saying “practice what we preach”. Also to have a deeper

understanding on what the learners will feel in this kind of setup. However, the

academic staff that act as the flexible learners found out that they are less

prepared than they thought. Necessary professional development adjustments

are made to achieve its expected results such as reducing flexibility and doing

the adjustments slowly.

 12

According Andrews & Ferman (2000), "A study of the learning experience

in a flexible delivery environment" being conducted at Ipswich to acquire insights

and understanding into the adoption of flexible learning. This particular study

investigated students' expectations of flexible learning and the difficulties they

encountered. It identified aspects of the learning experience that students found

to be most beneficial and those that were more problematical 6.As time changes,

tertiary institutions seek new learning strategies at the same time increasing

demands for education without relying much on the government. Flexible

learning is one of the major strategic planks of most universities. The university

that the authors are in, flexible learning is the driving force of the university

beyond the crucial changes in terms of teaching and learning practices in

education.

According to Jones (2012) Education is a broadly debated topic, now

there is a new concept emerging, ’flexible learning’. Discuss what is understood

by this term and how it could affect the way of the future in education 7. Flexible

learning in Education is a new concept. Learning can take place in variety even

where you are. It is delivered by technology through blended learning and

enhances the technology experience. Technology connects in a way of learning

that will provide accessible and equitable education. It discusses how it affects

the way education in the future.

“Many higher education institutions have been doing online learning

before the ECQ (enhanced community quarantine). Many others have started
 13

using flexible learning before and during ECQ. And many are shifting to flexible

learning in preparation for the opening of classes,” 8. The Commission on Higher

Education (CHED said that they will be pushing for a “flexible learning”

arrangement in universities and colleges amid the coronavirus threat. There will

be no regular face to face classes. That move for the solution of flexible learning,

which used digitals technology and non-digital technology.

According to Dr.Rex Casiple (2020, In this period of COVID-19 pandemic

when the traditional in-person or face-to-face mode of learning is not allowed,

there is a need to explore other innovative learning modalities to continue the

schooling of students in basic and tertiary education who are differently situated

in terms of time, pace and place 9. The learning and teaching system

instantaneously changes due to the pandemic (COVID-19). Wherein the usual

learning system which is the face to face learning is not allowed anymore. All of

the learning institutions needed to make a new learning system for the students

to learn safely without having physical contacts with anyone. But the new

learning system, which is flexible learning, is in question in terms of quality in

learning. Due to the fact that not everyone is privileged enough to afford new

mediums in flexible learning and the preparedness and capability of academic

staff in transitioning in flexible learning is still in question.

According to Gbollie and Keamu (2017), the nature of motivation and

learning strategy use is vital to improving student learning outcomes. This study

was intended to explore the motivational beliefs and learning strategy used by
 14

Liberian junior and senior high school students in connection with their academic

performance. It also solicited students self-reports about presumed factors

hindering their learning10. The foundation of learning in every student comes from

their interest, about what they want to achieve to improve and to discover more

of their knowledge and learning outcomes. Motivation in study can help the

student to cope up with their difficulties in studies, aside from that it will make

them to explore more and improve their academic performance. The different

skills, knowledge and thinking of students can give the research the importance

of capabilities of what they can achieve and their weakness in class. Problems

that they encounter may affect their focus, interest and goals in studies making

them struggle in learning. In addition, the study found some learning hindrances,

and gave some conclusions that will help every student to improve and to be

better in learning.

Related Studies

Dr. Robert Joan study entitled “Flexible Learning As New Learning Design

In Classroom Process To Promote Quality Education” Educators in the 21

century realize that students entering the classroom today are much different

from those who have come before. Today's students are demanding a change in

the classroom because of their ability to gather information faster than any other

generation. It gives users on-demand access to the content, tools, training,

information, and support they need to create and enhance learning relevance
 15

and efficacy through both school-provided and personal technology 11. This study

is related to the present study because it discussed and dealt with the flexible

learning that the students used to continue in their studies. It also focused on the

difference in the conditions of learning before and during the pandemic, and on

factors affected their performance in class.

Jasmine Paul and Felicia Jefferson study entitled “A comparative analysis

of student performance in an online vs. face-to-face environmental science

course from 2009 to 2016” A growing number of students are now opting for

online classes. They find the traditional classroom modality restrictive, inflexible,

and impractical. In this age of technological advancement, schools can now

provide effective classroom teaching via the Web. This shift in pedagogical

medium is forcing academic institutions to rethink how they want to deliver their

course content12. This study is relevant to the present study because it also

wanted to determine the student’s performance comparative to the traditional

way with the new normal class. It showed the comparison between the new and

old way of teaching, while the present study will determine the effects of flexible

learning in academic performance.

Roger Dale Dunnick study entitled “The Effectiveness Of Distance

Education At A Small Rural High School: A Phenomenological Study” The

purpose of this phenomenological study was to identify the predominant format,

benefits and challenges of distance education at the target school as perceived

by multiple groups of stakeholders. Important in identifying the above categories

 16

were gaining an understanding of the reasons behind participant perceptions as

well as the reasons for the current format of distance education at the target

school13. This study is related to the present study because it presented the

challenges that may be encountered by students in the distance learning. It also

dealt with what they are learning and how they are adapting to the new

educational system.

Stephanie J. Blackmon and Claire Major study entitled “Student

Experiences in Online Courses a Qualitative Research Synthesis” As online

learning continues to grow, it is important to investigate students’ overall

experiences in online learning environments. Understanding students’

perspectives on their online classes or programs moves beyond the sole

question of student satisfaction to more nuanced questions about how factors

inside and outside of the classroom impact the online classroom 14. This study is

relevant to the present study because it explains the important information that

the student experienced in the online class and the learning outcomes between

studying in a classroom environment and otherwise.

Brittany Gilbert study entitled “Online Learning Revealing the Benefits and

Challenges” The expansive nature of the Internet and the accessibility of

technology have generated a surge in the demand for web based teaching and

learning. Online education is quickly infiltrating into school districts and colleges

across the nation15. This study is related to the present study because it

explained the benefits that students may get in online class, which help them to
 17

continue to learn and develop their abilities and skills in the process of learning.

Also the understanding that there are always challenges that may be

encountered by many students in learning through online, and having hard times

and struggles in studying.

Roseclaremath A. Caroro, Miraflor T. Jomuad, Jerry M. Lumasag study

entitled “Effectiveness of Online Learning System as a Supplemental

Pedagogical Tool” Learning can be extended from the traditional face-to-face

classroom experience towards the virtual pedagogical environment. This study

evaluated the effectiveness of the Misamis University Online Learning

Environment (MUOLE) established as a supplemental tool for classroom learning

in all information technology and computer science subjects 16. This study has

relevance in the present study for it dealt, the new normal learning which the

researchers want also to determine and how effective the online learning to the

students in this time of pandemic.

Patricia Arinto study entitled “Issues and Challenges in Open and

Distance e-Learning: Perspectives from the Philippines” Rapid advances in

information and communications technology in the digital age have brought about

significant changes in the practice of distance education (DE) worldwide. DE

practitioners in the Philippines’ Open University have coined the term ‘open and

distance e-learning’ (ODeL) to refer to the new forms of DE, which are

characterized by the convergence of an open learning philosophy, DE

pedagogies, and e-learning technologies 17. This study is related to the present

 18

study because they have similar objectives as to determine the effects of flexible

learning on academic performances.

Froilan Delute Mobo study entitled “An Assesment of the Effectiveness of

E-Learning in AMA Olongapo Campus” E-learning system is designed to aid

students build their comprehension towards their respected academic subjects to

make their experience in learning more nourishing and engaging 18. This study is

related to the present study because it dealt with problems by the other students

in learning experience. Also the use of the technology in continuous study and

provided lessons, practices, assignments and projects that can be accessed

through online class.

Francis Pol Lim study entitled “An analysis of synchronous and

asynchronous communication tools in e-learning” This paper analyzes the

different synchronous and asynchronous communication tools that are being

used in e-learning. Furthermore this discusses the process of communication

and shows its importance in the field of education. Different communication tools

will be discussed along with its usability and limitations 19. This study is related to

present study because it showed the use of e-learning as to give the

corresponding solution to the problem encountered in the pandemic. It also

explained that the field of education has a lot of changes particularly in the form

of teaching that may affect the learning outcomes of every student.

Lorico DS Lapitan Jr, Cristina E Tiangco, Divine Angela G Sumalinog,

Noel S Sabarillo, Joey Mark Diaz study titled “An effective blended online
 19

teaching and learning strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic” The shift to

distance teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic brought about a

real challenge for both instructors and students 20. This study is related to the

present study because it also dealt with the problems in the current situation of

the students. Learning is not easy in the traditional way, what more in the new

learning setup that brought a lot of changes on the method of teaching.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The researcher found out that many of the related literature and studies

gathered, are related to the study and quite similar to the researchers study.

The studies of Blackmon, Major, Gilbert, and Arinto dealt with the whole

experience encountered by the students in flexible learning. Their study includes

the benefits, issues and challenges faced by every student in this kind of setup.

In the studies of Dunnick, Caroro, Jomuad, Lumasag, Mobo, Lapitan Jr,

Tiangco, Sumalinog, Sabarillo, and Diaz focuses on the effectiveness of the 3

modes of flexible learning, the online learning, offline learning, and blended

learning. Their study is to show how efficient for the students the new learning

setup.

The studies of Dr. Joan, Paul, and Jefferson discuss the learning design of

flexible learning. They tackle the system of flexibility on how it works and how it

affects the learning and communication of the student.

 20

The gathered studies and literature is related to the present study. It

shows the present study’s relevance to the current situation of the education

system. It helps the researchers to deepen their understanding about flexible

learning. Such as understanding how the students perceive the new type of

learning is vital, knowing that the students are the subjects of this new learning

setup. Acknowledging the students experience and sufferings is one of the

effective ways to improve the situation of every student.

Gap to be Bridged by the Study

By the reviews of the related literature and studies, the present study had

gaps to recognize. With these related literature and studies mentioned, they

discussed the importance of flexible learning and the benefits in aspect of

education uses and the difference about online class vs. traditional or face-to-

face classes. While in the present study concentrated about the effects of flexible

learning on academic performance of BS Civil Technology students of Bicol

University and no other studies found with the same study with the present study.

Theoretical Framework

The constructivism learning theory is based on the idea that students

actually create their own learning based on their previous experience. Students
 21

take what they are being taught and add it to their previous knowledge and

experiences, creating a unique reality that is just for them. This learning theory

focuses on learning as an active process, personal and unique for each

student.21

Cognitive learning theories focus on the ability of students to guide their

own learning using mental strategies. 22. The cognitive learning theory impacts

students because their understanding of their thought process can help them

learn. Teachers can give students opportunities to ask questions, to fail, and

think out loud. These strategies can help students understand how their thought

process works, and utilize this knowledge to construct better learning

opportunities.23 Thus, a cognitivist views the learning process as an internal and

active mental process, which develops within a learner, increased mental

capacity and skills in order to learn better.

Humanism directly focuses on the idea of self-actualization. Everyone

functions under a hierarchy of needs. Self-actualization is at the top of the

hierarchy of needs—it is the brief moments where you feel all of your needs are

met and that you’re the best possible version of yourself. Everyone is striving for

this, and you’re learning environment can either move toward meeting your

needs or away from meeting your needs. Teachers can create classroom

environments that help students get closer to their self-actualization. Educators

can help fulfill students’ emotional and physical needs, giving them a safe and
 22

comfortable place to learn, plenty of food, and the support they need to succeed.

This kind of environment is the most conducive to helping student’s learning. 24 

Teachers can utilize constructivism to help understand that each student

will bring their own past to the classroom every day. Teachers in constructivist

classrooms act as more of a guide to helping students create their own learning

and understanding. They help them create their own process and reality based

on their own past. This is crucial to helping many kinds of students take their own

experiences and include them in their learning. 25

Coping theory defined as, constantly changing cognitive and behavioral

efforts to manage specific external and internal demands that are appraised as

taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. The focus-oriented state and

trait theories of coping recognize a person’s internal resources and mental

capacities for evaluating how well he can adapt to a situation. 26

In the succeeding section, the theoretical paradigm is shown to present

the theories involved in the study. It includes the learning and psychology

theories that are related to the study.

23
 24

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is based on the statements of the

problem of this research. It started from the socio-demographic profile of the

students which includes; gender, status, and employment. After determining the

socio-demographic profile of the students, the learning status of each student

involved in the sampling will be included, as well as the problems/ difficulties/

challenges encountered by the students in flexible learning, along with the effects

brought by the problems encountered in flexible learning, and lastly, based on

the data gathered, the researchers will formulate ways to cope with the difficulties

of flexible learning.

In the following section, the conceptual paradigm is shown to present the

flow of the conduct of the study. It illustrates what is expected to be found in the

present study. It defines the relevant variables in study and maps out how they

might relate to each other.

25
 26

Definition of Terms

The definition of terms will provide the readers to understand more about

the present study and help them to acknowledge. These are the following

terminologies that are deemed important in the study.

Academic Performance. The measurement of student achievement across

various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure

achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from

standardized tests27. In this study, it refers to the students of what they learn

and how they perform in class.

Access to the Internet. Refers to the location where the students can access to

the internet connection such as, office, home, and barangay hall and any other

places.

Challenges. A challenge literally means an invitation or a call to action.

Challenges vary in scope and complexity 28. In this study, it refers to the struggles,

obstacles, and hardships the students encountered in flexible learning.

Cope. To face and deal with responsibilities, problems, or difficulties, especially

successfully or in a calm or adequate manner 29. The ability of a student to adopt

in their current situations.

Flexible learning. A method of learning where students are given freedom on

how, what, when and where they learn. Flexible learning environment address
 27

how physical space is used, how students are grouped during learning and how

time is used throughout teaching 30. In this study, this refers to the new learning

system that the students utilized in their study. It is designed for the students to

learn without compromising their health.

Learning status. Is divided into 5 categories in order to understand the learning

background of the student such as, type of learner, mode of learning, internet

connectivity, access to internet, and gadgets used.

Mode of Learning. Modes of learning are a set of guidelines that describe the

methods humans use to acquire, process, and maintain knowledge. Individuals

differ in how they learn most effectively; most people favor different combinations

of visual, auditory, reading, or kinesthetic (VARK) learning modes 31. Refers to the

three different modes of learning, first is the mode a: synchronous, then mode b:

asynchronous, and lastly, mode c: modular.

Privilege. A right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or

favor32. In this study, it refers to the capability of a student in terms of financial

capacity.

Socio-demographic profile. Nothing more than characteristics of a population 32.

In this study, this refers to determining the background of the students such as

gender, status, and employment.

 28

Type of Learner. Composed of three categories that refers to the internet

connectivity of a student such as, type a: with stable/strong connectivity, type b:

with low/weak internet connectivity, and type c: with no internet connectivity.

Notes

1
Claude Müller, Michael Stahl, Mark Alder, Maximilian Müller, Learning
Effectiveness and Students’ Perceptions in A Flexible Learning Course,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525252_Learning_Effectiveness_an
d_Students%27_Perceptions_in_A_Flexible_Learning_Course,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525252_Learning_Effectiveness_an
d_Students%27_Perceptions_in_A_Flexible_Learning_Course Accessed: April
22, 2021
2
Bernadetha Nadeak, The Effectiveness of Distance Learning Using
Social Media during the Pandemic Period of COVID-19: A Case in Universitas
Kristen Indonesia,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341669112_The_Effectiveness_of_Dist
ance_Learning_Using_Social_Media_during_the_Pandemic_Period_of_COVID-
19_A_Case_in_Universitas_Kristen_Indonesia Accessed: April 22, 2021
3
Emma García and Elaine Weiss, COVID-19 and student performance,
equity, and U.S. education policy, publisher, 1225 Eye St. NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20005, 2020, https://www.epi.org/publication/the-
consequences-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-for-education-performance-and-equity-
in-the-united-states-what-can-we-learn-from-pre-pandemic-research-to-inform-
relief-recovery-and-rebuilding/ Accessed: April 22, 2021
4
Betty Collis and Jef Moonen, Flexible Learning in a Digital World:
Experiences and Expectations, ResearchGate GmbH, Kogan Page London,
2001,page 232,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242818837_Flexible_Learning_in_a_Di
gital_World_Experiences_and_Expectations_Betty_Collis_and_Jef_Moonen_Ko
gan_Page_London_2001_232_pp_ISBN_0-7494-3371-X_1999_paperback
Accessed: April 22, 2021
5
Rachel Forsyth, Making Professional Development Flexible: A case
study, Informa UK Limited, 2010,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0268051022000048246 Accessed:
April 22, 2021
6
Terrie Ferman and Trish Andrews, The flexible learning experience - how
good is it really?, Queensland, 2001, https://ascilite.org/archived-
 29

journals/aset/confs/aset-herdsa2000/procs/andrews-t.html Accessed: April 22,

2021
7
Theresa Jones, Flexible Learning, 2012,
https://www.studymode.com/essays/Flexible-Learning-969192.html Accessed:
April 22, 2021
8
Filane Mikee Cervantes, CHED pushes for flexible learning for HEIs in
August, Philippine News Agency, Manila, 2020,
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1101519#:~:text=MANILA
%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Commission%20on%20Higher,academic%20year
%20start%20in%20August. Accessed: April 22, 2021
9
Dr. Rex Casiple, Flexible learning and other innovative learning
modalities, Daily Guardian, Iloilo, 2020, https://dailyguardian.com.ph/flexible-
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10
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Performance: The Role of Motivation, Strategies, and Perceived Factors
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London, United Kingdom, 2017,
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/edri/2017/1789084/ Accessed: April 22, 2021
11
Joan, D. R. Robert, Flexible Learning as New Learning Design in
Classroom Process to Promote Quality Education, i-manager Publications, 3-343
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https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1098325 Accessed: April 8, 2021
12
Jasmine Paul and Felicia Jefferson,A Comparative Analysis of Student
Performance in an Online vs. Face-to-Face Environmental Science Course From
2009 to 2016, Frontiers, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United
States, 2019, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2019.00007/full
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13
Dunnick and Roger Dale, The Effectiveness of Distance Education in a
Small Rural High School: A Phenomenological Study, ed.gov ies, East
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id=ED563283 Accessed: April 8, 2021
14
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15
Brittany Gilbert, Online Learning Revealing the Benefits and Challenges,
DigitalCommons, Rochester, New York,
https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/education_ETD_masters/303/?
 30

utm_source=fisherpub.sjfc.edu%2Feducation_ETD_masters
%2F303&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages Accessed: April
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16
Roseclaremath A. Caroro, Effectiveness of Online Learning System as a
Supplemental Pedagogical Tool,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272873961_Effectiveness_of_Online_L
earning_System_as_a_Supplemental_Pedagogical_Tool, Accessed: April 8,
2021
17
Patricia Brazil Arinto, Issues and Challenges in Open and Distance e-
Learning: Perspectives from the Philippines, AU Press, Philippines,
https://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1913, Accessed: April 8, 2021
18
Froilan D. Mobo and Gesswein O. Sabado, An Assessment of the
Effectiveness of E-Learning in AMA Olongapo Campus, Oriental Scientific
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https://www.computerscijournal.org/vol12no3/an-assessment-of-the-effectiveness-
of-e-learning-in-ama-olongapo-campus/, Accessed: April 8, 2021
19
Francis Pol Lim, An Analysis of Synchronous and Asynchronous
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313673458_An_Analysis_of_Synchron
ous_and_Asynchronous_Communication_Tools_in_e-Learning, Accessed: April
9, 2021
20
Lorico DS. Lapitan, Jr., Cristina E. Tiangco, Divine Angela G. Sumalinog,
Noel S. Sabarillo, and Joey Mark Diaz, An effective blended online teaching and
learning strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic, United States National Library
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q=how+to+where+the+paper+publish&oq=how+to+where+the+paper+publish&a
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21
The five educational learning theories, 2020,
https://www.wgu.edu/blog/five-educational-learning-theories2005.html#close,
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22
Esther Michela, Cognitivism, EdTech Books, he Students' Guide to
Learning Design and Research, 2020,
https://edtechbooks.org/studentguide/cognitivism Accessed: April 10, 2021
23
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https://www.wgu.edu/blog/five-educational-learning-theories2005.html#close,
Accessed: April 10, 2021
 31

24
The five educational learning theories, 2020,
https://www.wgu.edu/blog/five-educational-learning-theories2005.html#close,
Accessed: April 10, 2021
25
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%20Folkman%20(1984)%2C,the%20resources%20of%20the
%20person.&text=Coping%20is%20never%20the%20same%20for%20two
%20people., Accessed: May 8, 2021
27
Academic performance, Middleton,
Wisconsin,https://ballotpedia.org/Academic_performance Accessed: May 10,
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28
Ronald A. Beghetto, What If? Building Students' Problem-Solving Skills
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22311-1714, 2018,
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%C2%A2.aspx Accessed: May 10, 2021
29
Brian Kariger Daniel Fierro, cope,
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coup Accessed: May 10, 2021
30
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Accessed: April 25, 2021
31
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.), privilege, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
Springfield, Massachusetts, 2021, https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/privileges Accessed: April 25, 2021
32
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