Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad

COMPUTER NETWORK
LABORATORY MANUAL

Faculty Name : Pawan Pandey Department : CSE

Course Name : Computer Network Lab Course Code : KCS-653

Year/Sem : 3rd / 6th NBA Code : C320

Email ID : [email protected] Academic Year : 2020-21

Department of Computer Science & Engg.

VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To continually develop excellent professionals capable of providing sustainable solutions to

challenging problems in their fields and prove responsible global citizens.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

We wish to serve the nation by becoming a reputed deemed university for providing value
based professional education.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be recognized globally for delivering high quality education in the ever-changing field of
computer science & engineering, both of value & relevance to the communities we serve.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To provide quality education in both the theoretical and applied foundations of Computer
Science and train students to effectively apply this education to solve real world problems.

2. To amplify their potential for lifelong high-quality careers and give them a competitive
advantage in the challenging global work environment.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES (PEOs)

PEO 1: Learning: Our graduates to be competent with sound knowledge in field of

Computer Science &Engineering.
PEO 2: Employable: To develop the ability among students to synthesize data and
technical concepts for application to software product design for successful
careers that meet the needs of Indian and multinational companies.
PEO 3: Innovative: To develop research oriented analytical ability among students to
prepare them for making technical contribution to the society.
PEO 4: Entrepreneur / Contribution: To develop excellent leadership quality among

students which they can use at different levels according to their experience and
contribute for progress and development in the society.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and

analyzecomplex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering Sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and
the cultural, societal, and environmental Considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complexproblems: Use research-based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
a n d modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an Understanding of thelimitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextualknowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

Engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.
 PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics andresponsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as amember or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activitieswith the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able toComprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge andunderstanding of the

engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation andability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: The ability to use standard practices and suitable programming environment to
develop software solutions.

PSO2: The ability to employ latest computer languages and platforms in creating
innovative career opportunities.

.
 COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

C320.1 Simulate different network topologies

C320.2 Implement various framing networks for data link layer

C320.3 Implement various Error and Flow control techniques

C320.4 Implement network routing and addressing techniques

C320.5 Implement transport and security mechanism

 CO-PO MAPPING

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
C320.1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1
C320.2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
C320.3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
C320.4 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
C320.5 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1
C320
3 3 2.2 1.3 1 1 1 1.4 2 1 1.8 1.6 1
5
 INTRODUCTION
NETWORKING BASICS

Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communicationbetween

computer systems or devices.
It is the practice of linking computing devices together with hardware and software that
supports data communications across these devices.

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

PacketA message or data unit that is transmitted between communicating processes.

Host:A computer system that is accessed by a user working at a remote location. It is the remoteprocess
with which a process communicates. It may also be referred as Peer.

Channel:Communication path created by establishing a connection between endpoints.

NetworkA group of two or more computer systems linked together

Server: In computer networking, a server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver datato
other computers over a local network or the Internet.

Iterative servers: This server knows ahead of time about how long it takes to handle
eachrequest & server process handles each request itself.

Concurrent servers: The amount of work required to handle a request is unknown, so

theserver starts another process to handle each request.

Client: A Client is an application that runs on a personal computer or workstation and relies on a
serverto perform some operations.
Network Address: Network addresses give computers unique identities they can use to
communicatewith each other. Specifically, IP addresses and MAC addresses are used on most home and
business networks.
Protocols: A Protocol is a convention or standard rules that enables and controls the
connection,communication and data transfer between two computing endpoints.
Port An interface on a computer to which you can connect a device. It is a "logical connection place"and
specifically, using the Internet's protocol, TCP/IP.
A port is a 16-bit number, used by the host-to-host protocol to identify to which higher-level protocol or
application program (process) it must deliver incoming messages.

PORTS RANGE
Well-known ports 1-1023
Ephemeral ports 1024-5000
User-defined ports 5001-65535

Connection: It defines the communication link between two processes.

Association: Association is used for 5 tuple that completely specifies the two processes that
makeup a connection.

{ Protocol, local-address, local-process, foreign-address, foreign- process}

The local address and foreign address specify the network ID & Host-ID of the local host and the foreign
host in whatever format is specified by protocol suite.
The local process and foreign process are used to identify the specific processes on each system that are
involved in a connection.

We also define Half association as either

{ protocol, local-address, local process}or { protocol, local-address, local process}

which specify each half of a connection. This half association is called a Socket or transport
address.
OSI MODEL

A common way to describe the layers in a network is to use the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) open systems interconnection (OSI) model for computer communications. This is
a seven-layer model, which we show in Figure below along with the approximate mapping to the
Internet protocol suite.

We consider the bottom two layers of the OSI model as the device driver and networking hardware that
are supplied with the system. The network layer is handled by the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. The
transport layers that we can choose from are TCP and UDP

Layers in OSI model and Internet protocol suite.

The upper three layers of the OSI model are combined into a single layer called the application. This is
the Web client (browser) or whatever application we are using. With the Internet protocols, there is
rarely any distinction between the upper three layers of the OSI model.

The sockets programming interfaces are interfaces from the upper three layers (the "application") into
the transport layer. The sockets provide the interface from the upper three layers of the OSI model into
the transport layer. There are two reasons for this design:
The upper three layers handle all the details of the application and know little about the
communication details. The lower four layers know little about the application, but
 handle all the communication details: sending data, waiting for acknowledgments, and so on.
The second reason is that the upper three layers often form what is called a user process while
the lower four layers are normally provided as part of the operating system (OS) kernel.

This lab gives in depth view of how computer networks works in real time, simulation of various
topologies are performed using ns3 tool.

ns-3 has been developed to provide an open, extensible network simulation platform, for
networkingresearch and education. In brief, ns-3 provides models of how packet data networks work and
perform, and provides a simulation engine for users to conduct simulation experiments. Some of the
reasons to use ns-3 include to perform studies that are more difficult or not possible to perform with real
systems, to study system behavior in a highly controllled, reproducible environment, and to learn about
how networks work. Users will note that the available model set in ns-3 focuses on modeling how
Internet protocols and networks work, but ns-3 is not limited to Internet systems; several users are
usingns-3 to model non-Internet-based systems.

Many simulation tools exist for network simulation studies. Below are a few distinguishing features of
ns-3 in contrast to other tools.

ns-3 is designed as a set of libraries that can be combined together and also with other
externalsoftware libraries. While some simulation platforms provide users with a single,
integrated graphical user interface environment in which all tasks are carried out, ns-3 is more
modular in this regard. Several external animators and data analysis and visualization tools can
be used with ns-3. However, users should expect to work at the command line and with C++
and/or Python software development tools.

ns-3 is primarily used on Linux systems, although support exists for FreeBSD, Cygwin(for
Windows), and native Windows Visual Studio support is in the process of being developed.
 PREFACE

Computer Networks laboratory manual is indented to provide a basic knowledge of

networking. Networking is developing technology becoming a new emerging trend and
developing a variety of programmers and users. This manual will be available in Computer
Science Department Lab, Faculty’s for betterment of students.

This practical manual will be helpful for students of Computer Science & Engineering for
understanding the course from the point of view of applied aspects. Though all the efforts
have been made to make this manual error free, yet some errors might have crept in
inadvertently. Suggestions from the readers for the improvement of the manual are most
welcomed.

Pawan Pandey
(Lab Co-Ordinator)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE

.
 DO’S AND DONT’S

DO’s

1. Conform to the academic discipline of the department.

2. Enter your credentials in the laboratory attendance register.
3. Read and understand how to carry out an activity thoroughly before coming to the
laboratory.
4. Ensure the uniqueness with respect to the methodology adopted for carrying out the
experiments.
5. Shut down the machine once you are done using it.

DONT’S

1. Eatables are not allowed in the laboratory.

2. Usage of mobile phones is strictly prohibited.

3. Do not open the system unit casing.

4. Do not remove anything from the computer laboratory without permission.

5. Do not touch, connect or disconnect any plug or cable without your faculty/laboratory

technician’s permission.
 GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Know the location of the fire extinguisher and the first aid box and how to use them in case
of an emergency.

2. Report fire or accidents to your faculty /laboratory technician immediately.

3. Report any broken plugs or exposed electrical wires to your faculty/laboratory

technician immediately.

4. Do not plug in external devices without scanning them for computer viruses.
 DETAIL OF THE EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED
(TO BE USED BY THE STUDENT IN THEIR RECORD)

Experiment Name Date of Date of Faculty

Experiment
No. Conduction Submission Signature

1. Implementation of Stop and Wait 02-04-2021 02-04-2021

Protocol and Sliding Window
Protocol.
2. Study of Socket Programming and 02-04-2021 02-04-2021
Client – Server model

3 Write a code simulating ARP /RARP 09-04-2021 09-04-2021

protocols.

4 Write a code simulating PING 09-04-2021 09-04-2021

commands

5 Write a code simulating Traceroute 16-04-2021 16-04-2021

commands

6 Create a socket for HTTP for web 16-04-2021 16-04-2021

page upload and download.

7 Write a program to implement RPC 23-04-2021 23-04-2021

(Remote Procedure Call)

8a Implementation of Subnetting. 23-04-2021 23-04-2021

8b IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP 30-04-2021 30-04-2021

ECHO.

9a IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP 28-05-2021 28-05-2021

Chat

9b IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP 28-05-2021 28-05-2021

SOCKET FILE
TRANSFER

10 Program to implement DNS in java 04-06-2021 04-06-2021

11a STUDY OF NETWORK 04-06-2021 04-06-2021

SIMULATOR (NS)
11b SIMULATION OF LINK STATE 11-06-2021 11-06-2021
ROUTING ALGORITHM

12 To learn handling and configuration 18-06-2021 18-06-2021

of networking hardware like RJ-45
connector, CAT-6 cable, crimping
tool, etc.

13 Study of following Network Devices in 18-06-2021 18-06-2021

Detail
Repeater
Hub
Switch
Bridge
Router
Gate Way

14 Study of basic network command and 25-06-2021 25-06-2021

Network configuration commands.

15 Configure a Network topology using 16-07-2021 16-06-2021

packet tracer software.
 GUIDELINES FOR LABORTORY RECORD PREPARATION

While preparing the lab records, the student is required to adhere to the following guidelines:

Contents to be included in Lab Records:

1. Cover page

2. Vision

3. Mission

4. PEOs

5. POs

6. PSOs

7. COs

8. CO-PO-PSO mapping

9. Index

10. Experiments
11. Aim
12. Source code
13. Input-Output

A separate copy needs to be maintained for pre-lab written work.

The student is required to make the Lab File as per the format given on the next two pages.
 GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT

Students are provided with the details of the experiment (Aim, pre-experimental questions,
procedure etc.) to be conducted in next lab and are expected to come prepared for each lab
class.
Faculty ensures that students have completed the required pre-experiment questions and they
complete the in-lab programming assignment(s) before the end of class. Given that the lab
programs are meant to be formative in nature, students can ask faculty for help before and
during the lab class.
Students’ performance will be assessed in each lab based on the following Lab Assessment

Components:

Assessment Criteria-1: Performance (Max. marks = 5)

Assessment Criteria-2: VIVA (Max. marks = 5)

Assessment Criteria-3: Record (Max. marks = 5)

In each lab class, students will be awarded marks out of 5 under each component head,
making it total out of 15 marks.
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad

COMPUTER NETWORK LAB (KCS 653)

Name AYUSH TOMAR

Roll No. 1803310063

Section- Batch A-2

 LIST OF
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment Title of the experiment Correspondin
No. g
CO
1 Implementation of Stop and Wait Protocol and Sliding C320.3
Window Protocol.
2 Study of Socket Programming and Client – Server model C320.5
3 Write a code simulating ARP /RARP protocols. C320.5
4a Write a code simulating PING commands C320.3
4b Write a code simulating Traceroute commands C320.3
5 Create a socket for HTTP for web page upload and C320.5
download.
6 Write a program to implement RPC (Remote Procedure C320.5
Call)
7 Implementation of Subnetting. C320.4
8a IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP ECHO. C320.4
8b IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP Chat C320.4
9a IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP SOCKET FILE C320.4
TRANSFER
9b Program to implement DNS in java C320.4
10 STUDY OF NETWORK SIMULATOR (NS) C320.2
11 Simulation of Distance Vector/Link State Routing. C320.4
a
11 SIMULATION OF LINK STATE ROUTING C320.4
ALGORITHM
b
12 To learn handling and configuration of networking C320.1
hardware like RJ-45 connector, CAT-6 cable, crimping tool,
etc.
13 Study of following Network Devices in Detail C320.1
 Repeater
 Hub
 Switch
 Bridge
 Router
 Gate Way
14 Study of basic network command and Network C320.1
configuration commands.
15 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software. C320.1
EXPERIMENT 1. Implementation of Stop and Wait Protocol and Sliding Window Protocol.

STOP AND WAIT PROTOCOL

//SENDER//
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
class stopwaitsender
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
stopwaitsender sws = new stopwaitsender();
sws.run();
}
public void run() throws Exception
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter no of frames to be sent:”);
int n=sc.nextInt();
Socket mysky=new Socket(“localhost”,9999);
PrintStream myps=new PrintStream(myskt.getOutputStream());
for(int i=0;i<=n;)
{
if(i==n)
{
myps.println(“exit”);
break;
}
System.out.println(“Frame no “+i+” is sent”);
myps.println(i);
BufferedReader bf=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(myskt.getInputStream()));
String ack=bf.readLine();
if(ack!=null)
{
System.out.println(“Acknowledgement was Received from receiver”); i++;
Thread.sleep(4000);
}
else
{
myps.println(i);
}
}
}
}
//RECEIVER//
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class stopwaitreceiver
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
stopwaitreceiver swr = new stopwaitreceiver();
swr.run();
}
public void run() throws Exception
{
String temp=”any message”,str=”exit”;
ServerSocket myss=new ServerSocket(9999);
Socket ss_accept=myss.accept();
BufferedReader ss_bf=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(ss_accept.getInputStream()));
PrintStream myps=new PrintStream(ss_accept.getOutputStream());
while(temp.compareTo(str)!=0)
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
temp=ss_bf.readLine();
if(temp.compareTo(str)==0)
{ break;}
 System.out.println(“Frame “+temp+” was received”);
Thread.sleep(500);
myps.println(“Received”);
}
System.out.println(“ALL FRAMES WERE RECEIVED SUCCESSFULLY”); }
}

OUTPUT FOR SENDER:

C:\javaprog>javac stopwaitsender.java
C:\javaprog>java stopwaitsender
Enter no of frames to be sent:
4
Frame no 0 is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no 1 is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no 2 is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no 3 is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
OUTPUT FOR RECEIVER:
C:\javaprog>javac stopwaitreceiver.java
C:\javaprog>java stopwaitreceiver
Frame 0 was received
Frame 1 was received
Frame 2 was received
Frame 3 was received
ALL FRAMES WERE RECEIVED SUCCESSFULLY
SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOL
//import java.lang.System; import java.lang.System;
import java.net.*; import java.net.*;
import java.io.*; import java.io.*;
class bitserver import java.math.*;
{ class bitclient
public static void main(String[] args) {
{try public static void main(String a[])
{BufferedInputStream in; {
ServerSocket Serversocket=new try
ServerSocket(500); {InetAddress
System.out.println("waiting for addr=InetAddress.getByName("Local
connection"); Socket host"); System.out.println(addr);
client=Serversocket.accept(); Socket connection=new
System.out.println("received request for Socket(addr,500);
sending frames"); DataOutputStream out=new
in=new DataOutputStream(connection.getOutputStr
BufferedInputStream(client.getInputStre eam() );
am()); DataOutputStream out=new BufferedInputStream in=new
DataOutputStream(client.getOutputStre BufferedInputStream(connection.getInputStr
am()); int p=in.read(); eam() );
System.out.println("sending..... "); BufferedInputStream inn=new
for(int i=1;i<=p;++i) BufferedInputStream(connection.getInputStr
{System.out.println("sending frame eam() );
no"+i); out.write(i); BufferedReader ki=new
out.flush(); BufferedReader(new
System.out.println("waiting for InputStreamReader(System.in));
acknowledge"); Thread.sleep(5000); int flag=0;
int a=in.read(); System.out.println("connect");
System.out.println("received System.out.println("enter the no of frames
acknowledge for frame no:"+i+"as"+a); to be requested to server:");
} int c=Integer.parseInt(ki.readLine());
out.flush(); out.write(c);
out.flush();
in.close(); int i,jj=0;
out.close(); while(jj<c)
client.close(); {i=in.read();
Serversocket.close(); System.out.println("received frame no"+i);
System.out.println("quiting"); System.out.println("sending
}catch(IOException e) acknowledgement for frame no"+i);
{System.out.println(e); out.write(i);
} out.flush();
catch(InterruptedException e)
{} jj++;
} }
} out.flush();
in.close();
inn.close();
out.close();
 System.out.println("quiting");
}
catch(Exception e)
{System.out.println(e);
}}}

OUTPUT
BIT CLIENT
Localhost/127.0.0.1connect
enter the no of frames to be requested to
server:4 received frame no1
sending acknowledgement for frame
no1 received frame no2
sending acknowledgement for frame
no2 received frame no3
sending acknowledgement for frame
no3 received frame no4
sending acknowledgement for frame no4

BITSERVER
waiting for connection
received request for sending
framessending...... sending frame no1
waiting for acknowledge
received acknowledge for frame
no:1as1 sending frame no2waiting for
acknowledge received acknowledge for
frame no:2as2 sending frame no3
waiting for acknowledge
received acknowledge for frame
no:3as3 sending frame no4
waiting for acknowledge
received acknowledge for frame no:4as4
EXPERIMENT 2. Study of Socket Programming and Client – Server model

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications

running on different JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or
connection-less. The client in socket programming must know two information: IP
Address of Server, and Port number.

Here, we are going to make one-way client and server communication. In this
application, client sends a message to the server, server reads the message and
prints it. Here, two classes are being used: Socket and ServerSocket. The Socket
class is used to communicate client and server. Through this class, we can read and
write message. The ServerSocket class is used at server-side. The accept() method
of ServerSocket class blocks the console until the client is connected. After the
successful connection of client, it returns the instance of Socket at server
side.
Socket class
A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. The
Socket class can be used to create a socket.

Important methods
Method Description

1) public InputStream returns the InputStream attached with this

getInputStream() socket.

2)public OutputStream returns the OutputStream attached with this

getOutputStream() socket.

3) public synchronized void close() closes this socket

ServerSocket class
The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket. This object is used to
establish communication with the clients.
Important methods
Method Description

1) public Socket accept() returns the socket and establish a connection between
server and client.

2) public synchronized void closes the server socket.

close()

Example of Java Socket Programming

 Creating Server:
To create the server application, we need to create the instance of ServerSocket class.
Here, we are using 6666 port number for the communication between the client and
server. You may also choose any other port number. The accept() method waits for
the client. If clients connects with the given port number, it returns an instance of
Socket.

1. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);

2. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection and waits for the client

Creating Client:
To create the client application, we need to create the instance of Socket class. Here,
we need to pass the IP address or hostname of the Server and a port number. Here,
we are using "localhost" because our server is running on same system.

1. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);

Let's see a simple of Java socket programming where client sends a text and server
receives and prints it.
File: MyServer.java File: MyClient.java
import java.io.*; import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; import java.net.*;

public class MyServer { public class MyClient {

public static void main(String[] public static void main(String[]
args){ try{ args) { try{
ServerSocket ss=new Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
ServerSocket(6666); Socket
s=ss.accept();//establishes connection DataOutputStream dout=new
DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream())
DataInputStream dis=new ;
DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
String str=(String)dis.readUTF(); dout.flush();
System.out.println("message=
dout.close();
"+str); ss.close(); s.close();

}catch(Exception }catch(Exception
e){System.out.println(e);} } e){System.out.println(e);} }
} }

EXPERIMENT 3: Write a code simulating ARP /RARP protocols.

This program automatically creates a file with the IP address of machines, their MAC
address and type.

ARP protocol is simulated by reading an IP address and returning the MAC address.
RARP protocol is simulated by reading an MAC address and returning the IP address

The program can be extended to read an IP Address / Mac Address and a message
and send a packet to the specified machine using TCP / IP or Datagram sockets

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class arp_rarp

{
private static final String Command = "arp -a";

public static void getARPTable(String cmd) throws Exception

{
File fp = new File("ARPTable.txt");
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(fp);

BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);

Process P = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
Scanner S = new Scanner(P.getInputStream()).useDelimiter("\\A");
while(S.hasNext())
bw.write(S.next());

bw.close();
fw.close();
}

public static void findMAC(String ip) throws Exception

{
File fp = new File("ARPTable.txt");
FileReader fr = new FileReader(fp);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);

String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null)

{
if (line.contains(ip))
{
System.out.println("Internet Address Physical Address Type");
System.out.println(line);
break;
}
}
if((line == null))
System.out.println("Not found");

fr.close();
br.close();
}
public static void findIP(String mac) throws Exception
{
File fp = new File("ARPTable.txt");
FileReader fr = new FileReader(fp);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);

String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null)

{
if (line.contains(mac))
{
System.out.println("Internet Address Physical Address Type");
System.out.println(line);
break;
}
}

if((line == null))
System.out.println("Not found");

fr.close();
br.close();
}

public static void main(String as[]) throws Exception

{
getARPTable(Command);

Scanner S = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("ARP Protocol.");
System.out.print("Enter IP Address: ");
String IP = S.nextLine();
findMAC(IP);

System.out.println("RARP Protocol.");
System.out.print("Enter MAC Address: ");
String MAC = S.nextLine();
findIP(MAC);
}
}
OUTPUT:

>javac arp_rarp.java
>java arp_rarp
ARP Protocol.
Enter IP Address: 10.0.15.253
Internet Address Physical Address Type 10.0.15.253
00-16-76-bd-41-27 dynamic

RARP Protocol.
Enter MAC Address: 01-00-5e-00-00-fc
Internet Address Physical Address Type
224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc static

>java arp_rarp
ARP Protocol.
Enter IP Address: 10.0.15.121
Not found

RARP Protocol.
Enter MAC Address: 01-00-5e-00-00-ff
Not found

ARPTable.txt

Interface: 10.0.15.202 --- 0x3

Internet Address Physical Address Type
10.0.15.1 54-78-1a-1e-6a-4f dynamic 10.0.15.72
00-13-20-b7-49-c9 dynamic 10.0.15.253 00-16-
76-bd-41-27 dynamic 10.0.15.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff
static 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16 static
224.0.0.251 01-00-5e-00-00-fb static
224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc static
239.255.255.250 01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa static
EXPERIMENT 4 (a) Write a code simulating PING commands

Algorithm
Step 1: start the program.
Step 2: Include necessary package in java.
Step 3: To create a process object p to implement the ping
command. Step 4: declare one BufferedReader stream class
object.
Step 5: Get thedetails of the server
5.1: length of the IP address.
5.2 : time required to get the details.
5.3 : send packets , receive packets and lost packets.
5.4: minimum ,maximum and average times.
Step 6: print the results.
Step 7:Stop the program.

Program:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class pingserver
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
String str;
System.out.print(" Enter the IP Address to be Ping : ");
BufferedReader buf1=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String ip=buf1.readLine();
Runtime H=Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p=H.exec("ping " + ip);
InputStream in=p.getInputStream();
BufferedReader buf2=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(in));
while((str=buf2.readLine())!=null)
{
System.out.println(" " + str);
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}
Output:
Enter the IP address to the ping:192.168.0.1

Pinging 192.168.0.1: with bytes of data =32

Reply from 192.168.0.11:bytes=32 time<1ms TTL =128

Reply from 192.168.0.11:bytes=32 time<1ms TTL =128
Reply from 192.168.0.11:bytes=32 time<1ms TTL =128
Reply from 192.168.0.11:bytes=32 time<1ms TTL =128

Ping statistics for 192.168.0.1

Packets: sent=4,received=4,lost=0(0% loss),approximate round trip time in milli
seconds: Minimum=1
ms,maximum=4ms,average=2ms
EXPERIMENT 4 (b) Write a code simulating Traceroute commands

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class traceroutecmd

{
public static void runSystemCommand(String command)
{
try
{
Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);
BufferedReader inputStream = new
BufferedReader( new
InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));

String s = "";
while ((s = inputStream.readLine()) != null)
System.out.println(s);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
}
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
// String ip = "www.google.co.in";
// String ip = "127.0.0.1";
String ip = "www.drranurekha.com";
runSystemCommand("tracert " + ip);
}
}
OUTPUT:

>javac traceroutecmd.java

>java traceroutecmd

Tracing route to drranurekha.com [160.153.137.167] over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 10.0.15.1

2 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 10.0.0.15
3 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 210.212.247.209
4 2 ms 1 ms 1 ms 172.24.75.102
5 * * 21 ms 218.248.235.217
6 * * 12 ms 218.248.235.218
7 21 ms 21 ms 21 ms 121.244.37.253.static.chennai.vsnl.net.in
[121.244.37.253] 8 * * * Request timed out.
9 49 ms 49 ms 49 ms 172.25.81.134
10 50 ms 50 ms 70 ms ix-ae-0-4.tcore1.mlv-mumbai.as6453.net [180.87.38.5]
11 165 ms 165 ms 165 ms if-ae-9-5.tcore1.wyn-marseille.as6453.net
[80.231.217.17] 12 172 ms 171 ms 171 ms if-ae-8-1600.tcore1.pye-
paris.as6453.net [80.231.217.6] 13 171 ms 171 ms 171 ms if-ae-15-2.tcore1.av2-
amsterdam.as6453.net [195.219.194.145]
14 175 ms 175 ms 175 ms 195.219.194.2
15 171 ms 170 ms 170 ms po72.bbsa0201-01.bbn.mgmt.ams1.gdg
[188.121.33.74] 16 170 ms 169 ms 169 ms 10.241.131.203
17 175 ms 175 ms 175 ms 10.253.1.1
18 166 ms 166 ms 166 ms 10.253.130.9
19 173 ms 173 ms 173 ms 10.253.130.3
20 169 ms 169 ms 169 ms 10.253.130.5
21 169 ms 169 ms 169 ms ip-160-153-137-167.ip.secureserver.net

[160.153.137.167] Trace complete.

EXPERIMENT 5. Create a socket for HTTP for web page upload and

download. Algorithm

1. Start the program.

2. Get the frame size from the user
3. To create the frame based on the user request.
4.To send frames to server from the client side.
5. If your frames reach the server it will send ACK signal to client otherwise it
will send NACK signal to client.
6. Stop the program

Program :

Client

import javax.swing.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import javax.imageio.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage; import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;

import java.io.IOException; import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

public class Client{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{ Socket soc;

BufferedImage img = null;

soc=new Socket("localhost",4000);

System.out.println("Client is running. ");

try {

System.out.println("Reading image from disk. ");

img = ImageIO.read(new File("digital_image_processing.jpg"));

ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
ImageIO.write(img, "jpg", baos);
baos.flush();

byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray(); baos.close();

System.out.println("Sending image to server. ");

OutputStream out = soc.getOutputStream();
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(out);
dos.writeInt(bytes.length);

dos.write(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
System.out.println("Image sent to server. ");
dos.close();
out.close();

}catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Exception: " +

e.getMessage()); soc.close();
}
soc.close();
}
}

Server

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

import java.awt.image.*;
import javax.imageio.*;
import javax.swing.*;

class Server {
public static void main(String args[]) throws
Exception{ ServerSocket server=null;
Socket socket;
server=new ServerSocket(4000);
System.out.println("Server Waiting for image");
socket=server.accept(); System.out.println("Client
connected."); InputStream in = socket.getInputStream();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(in);
int len = dis.readInt();

System.out.println("Image Size: " + len/1024 + "KB"); byte[] data = new byte[len];

dis.readFully(data);
dis.close();
in.close();
InputStream ian = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);
BufferedImage bImage = ImageIO.read(ian);
JFrame f = new JFrame("Server");
ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(bImage);
JLabel l = new JLabel();
l.setIcon(icon);
f.add(l);

f.pack();
f.setVisible(true); } }
EXPERIMENT 6 Write a program to implement RPC (Remote Procedure Call)

A remote procedure call is an inter-process communication technique that is used for

client server based applications. It is also known as a subroutine call or a function
call.

A client has a request message that the RPC translates and sends to the server. This
request may be a procedure or a function call to a remote server. When the server
receives the request, it sends the required response back to the client. The client is
blocked while the server is processing the call and only resumed execution after the
server is finished.

The sequence of events in a remote procedure call are given as

follows − ∙ The client stub is called by the client.
∙ The client stub makes a system call to send the message to the server and puts
the parameters in the message.
∙ The message is sent from the client to the server by the client’s operating
system. ∙ The message is passed to the server stub by the server operating
system. ∙ The parameters are removed from the message by the server stub.
∙ Then, the server procedure is called by the server stub.

HelloWorld.java
package
rpc_helloworld;
import javax.jws.WebMethod;
import javax.jws.WebService;
import javax.jws.soap.SOAPBinding;
import javax.jws.soap.SOAPBinding.Style;
@WebService
@SOAPBinding(style = Style.RPC)
public interface HelloWorld {
@WebMethod String getHelloWorld(String name);
}

HelloWorldImpl.java
package
rpc_helloworld;
import javax.jws.WebService;
@WebService(endpointInterface =
"rpc_helloworld.HelloWorld")
public class HelloWorldImpl implements
HelloWorld{ @Override
public String getHelloWorld(String name) {
return name;
}
}
Publisher.java
package
rpc_helloworld;
import javax.xml.ws.Endpoint;
public class Publisher {
public static void main(String[] args) {

Endpoint.publish("https://localhost:7779/ws/hello",
new HelloWorldImpl());
}
}

rpc_helloworld.java
package
rpc_helloworld;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
import javax.xml.ws.Service;
public class RPC_HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
//Refer to wsdl document
URL url = new
URL("https://localhost:7779/ws/hello?wsdl");

//Refer to wsdl document

QName qname = new
QName("https://rpc_helloworld/",
"HelloWorldImplService");
Service service = Service.create(url,
qname);
HelloWorld hello =
service.getPort(HelloWorld.class);

System.out.println(hello.getHelloWorld("Hello
World!"));
 } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
System.out.println("WSDL document url
error: " + ex);
}
}
}
After create all these files, you need to run your Publisher.Java and then go to your
browser and type the following:

https://localhost:7779/ws/hello?wsdl
Then you will get the response in XML format. After that you need to copy the text that
assign for targetNamespace.

Then paste the text in your Client side file, as the QName first parameter. Now run
your program and you will get the output.

[https://sivakumar-prasanth.medium.com/java-rpc-remote-procedure-call-99cfaca34c36]
EXPERIMENT 7 Implementation of Subnetting.
import java.util.Scanner;
class Subnet{
public static void main(String
args[]){ Scanner sc = new
Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter the ip address: “);
String ip = sc.nextLine();
String split_ip[] = ip.split(“\\.”); //SPlit the string after every .
String split_bip[] = new String[4]; //split binary ip
String bip = “”;
for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
split_bip[i] = appendZeros(Integer.toBinaryString(Integer.parseInt(split_ip[i]))); // “18”
=> 18 => 10010 => 00010010
bip += split_bip[i];
}
System.out.println(“IP in binary is “+bip);
System.out.print(“Enter the number of addresses: “);
int n = sc.nextInt();

//Calculation of mask
int bits = (int)Math.ceil(Math.log(n)/Math.log(2)); /*eg if address = 120, log 120/log 2
gives log to the base 2 => 6.9068, ceil gives us upper integer */
System.out.println(“Number of bits required for address = “+bits);
int mask = 32-bits;
System.out.println(“The subnet mask is = “+mask);

//Calculation of first address and last address

int fbip[] = new int[32];
for(int i=0; i<32;i++) fbip[i] = (int)bip.charAt(i)-48; //convert cahracter 0,1 to
integer 0,1 for(int i=31;i>31-bits;i–)//Get first address by ANDing last n bits with 0
fbip[i] &= 0;
String fip[] = {“”,””,””,””};
for(int i=0;i<32;i++)
fip[i/8] = new String(fip[i/8]+fbip[i]);
System.out.print(“First address is = “);
for(int
i=0;i<4;i++){ System.out.print(Integer.pars
eInt(fip[i],2)); if(i!=3) System.out.print(“.”);
}
System.out.println();

int lbip[] = new int[32];

for(int i=0; i<32;i++) lbip[i] = (int)bip.charAt(i)-48; //convert cahracter 0,1 to
integer 0,1 for(int i=31;i>31-bits;i–)//Get last address by ORing last n bits with 1
lbip[i] |= 1;
String lip[] = {“”,””,””,””};
for(int i=0;i<32;i++)
lip[i/8] = new String(lip[i/8]+lbip[i]);
System.out.print(“Last address is = “);
for(int
i=0;i<4;i++){ System.out.print(Integer.pars
eInt(lip[i],2)); if(i!=3) System.out.print(“.”);
}
System.out.println();
}
static String appendZeros(String
s){ String temp = new
String(“00000000”); return
temp.substring(s.length())+ s;
}
}

/*Output

Enter the ip address: 100.110.150.10

IP in binary is
01100100011011101001011000001010 Enter
the number of addresses: 7
Number of bits required for address = 3
The subnet mask is = 29
First address is = 100.110.150.8
Last address is = 100.110.150.15
*/
EXPERIMENT 8.a IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP ECHO.
ALGORITHM

Server
1. Create a server socket and bind it to port.
2. Listen for new connection and when a connection arrives,
accept it. 3. Read the data from client.
4. Echo the data back to the client.
5. Repeat steps 4-5 until „bye‟ or „null‟ is read.
6. Close all streams.
7. Close the server socket.
8. Stop.

Client
1. Create a client socket and connect it to the server‟s port
number. 2. Get input from user.
3. If equal to bye or null, then go to step 7.
4. Send user data to the server.
5. Display the data echoed by the server.
6. Repeat steps 2-4.
7. Close the input and output streams.
8. Close the client socket.
9. Stop.
OUTPUT
Server:
$ javac tcpechoserver.java
$ java tcpechoserver
Server Ready Client Connected Client [ hello ]
Client [ how are you ] Client [ i am fine ] Client [ ok ]
Client Disconnected
Client :
$ javac tcpechoclient.java
$ java tcpechoclient
Type "bye" to quit
Enter msg to server : hello
Server [ hello ]
Enter msg to server : how are you
Server [ how are you ]
Enter msg to server : i am fine
Server [ i am fine ]
Enter msg to server : ok
Server [ ok ]
Enter msg to server : bye
/ TCP Echo Server-- Disconnected"); }
tcpechoserver.java import catch (IOException ioe)
java.net.*; {
import java.io.*; System.err.println(ioe);
public class tcpechoserver }
{ }
public static void main(String[] arg) }
throws IOException //TCP Echo Client--
{ tcpechoclient.java import
ServerSocket sock = null; java.net.*;
BufferedReader fromClient = null; import java.io.*;
OutputStreamWriter toClient = public class tcpechoclient
null; Socket client = null; {
try public static void main(String[] args)
{ throws IOException
sock = new ServerSocket(4000); {
System.out.println("Server BufferedReader fromServer = null,
Ready"); client = sock.accept(); fromUser = null;
System.out.println("Client Connected"); PrintWriter toServer = null;
fromClient = new BufferedReader(new Socket sock = null;
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStrea try
m())); toClient = new {
OutputStreamWriter(client.getOutputStrea if (args.length == 0)
m()); String line; sock = new
while (true) Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(),40
{ 00); else
line = fromClient.readLine(); sock = new
if ( (line == null) || Socket(InetAddress.getByName(args[0]),4
line.equals("bye")) break; 000); fromServer = new
System.out.println ("Client [ " + line + BufferedReader(new
" ]"); toClient.write("Server [ "+ line InputStreamReader(sock.getInputStream()))
+" ]\n"); toClient.flush(); ; fromUser = new BufferedReader(new
} InputStreamReader(System.in));
fromClient.close(); toServer = new
toClient.close(); PrintWriter(sock.getOutputStream(),tr
client.close(); ue); String Usrmsg, Srvmsg;
sock.close(); System.out.println("Type \"bye\" to
System.out.println("Client quit"); while (true)
{ System.out.println(Srvmsg);
System.out.print("Enter msg to }
server : "); Usrmsg = fromUser.close();
fromUser.readLine(); fromServer.close();
if (Usrmsg==null || toServer.close();
Usrmsg.equals("bye")) sock.close();
{ toServer.println("bye"); }
break; catch (IOException ioe)
} {
else System.err.println(ioe);
toServer.println(Usrmsg); }
Srvmsg = fromServer.readLine();
EXPERIMENT 8.b. IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP Chat
// A Java program for a Client // A Java program for a Server
import java.net.*; import java.net.*;
import java.io.*; import java.io.*;

public class Client public class Server

{ {
// initialize socket and input //initialize socket and input stream
output streams private Socket socket = null;
private Socket socket = null; private ServerSocket server = null;
private DataInputStream input = private DataInputStream in = null;
null; private DataOutputStream out // constructor with port
= null; public Server(int port)
// constructor to put ip address and {
port public Client(String address, // starts server and waits for a
int port) { connection try
// establish a connection {
try server = new ServerSocket(port);
{ System.out.println("Server started");
socket = new Socket(address, port); System.out.println("Waiting for a
System.out.println("Connected"); client ...");
// takes input from terminal
input = new socket = server.accept();
DataInputStream(System.in); System.out.println("Client accepted");
// takes input from the client socket
// sends output to the socket in = new DataInputStream(
out = new new
DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputSt BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStr
ream() ); eam()) );
}
catch(UnknownHostException String line = "";
u)
{ System.out.println(u // reads message from client until
); "Over" is sent
} while (!line.equals("Over"))
catch(IOException i) {
{ try
System.out.println(i); {
} line = in.readUTF();
System.out.println(line);
// string to read message from }
input String line = ""; catch(IOException i)
{
// keep reading until "Over" is System.out.println(i);
input while (!line.equals("Over")) }
{ }
try System.out.println("Closing
{ connection");
line = input.readLine();
out.writeUTF(line); // close connection
}
catch(IOException i)
{
System.out.println(i);
 } socket.close();
} in.close();
}
// close the connection catch(IOException i)
try {
{ System.out.println(i);
input.close(); }
out.close(); }
socket.close();
} public static void main(String
catch(IOException i) args[]) {
{ Server server = new
System.out.println(i); Server(5000); }
} }
}

public static void main(String

args[]) {
Client client = new Client("127.0.0.1",
5000);
}
}
$ java Server

$ java Client Hello

I made my first socket connection Over
Hello
I made my first socket Closing connection
connection
Over

EXPERIMENT 8.c. IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP/IP SOCKET FILE TRANSFER

Algorithm Server
Step1: Import java packages and create class file server.
Step2: Create a new server socket and bind it to the port.
Step3: Accept the client connection
Step4: Get the file name and stored into the BufferedReader.
Step5: Create a new object class file and realine.
Step6: If file is exists then FileReader read the content until EOF is
reached. Step7: Stop the program.

Client

Step1: Import java packages and create class file server.

Step2: Create a new server socket and bind it to the port.
Step3: Now connection is established.
Step4: The object of a BufferReader class is used for storing data content which
has been retrieved from socket object.
Step5 The connection is closed.
Step6: Stop the program.

Program
File Server :

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class FileServer

{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
//Initialize Sockets
ServerSocket ssock = new ServerSocket(5000);
Socket socket = ssock.accept();
//The InetAddress specification
InetAddress IA = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");

//Specify the file

File file = new File("e:\\Bookmarks.html");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
//Get socket's output stream
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//Read File Contents into contents array
byte[] contents;
long fileLength = file.length();
long current = 0;
long start = System.nanoTime();
while(current!=fileLength){
int size = 10000;
if(fileLength - current >= size)
current += size;
else{
size = (int)(fileLength - current);
current = fileLength;
}
contents = new byte[size];
bis.read(contents, 0, size);
os.write(contents);
System.out.print("Sending file ... "+(current*100)/fileLength+"%
complete!"); }
os.flush();
//File transfer done. Close the socket connection!
socket.close();
 ssock.close();
System.out.println("File sent succesfully!");
}}
File Client
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;

public class FileClient {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
//Initialize socket
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("localhost"),
5000); byte[] contents = new byte[10000];
//Initialize the FileOutputStream to the output file's full path.
FileOutputStream fos = new
FileOutputStream("e:\\Bookmarks1.html"); BufferedOutputStream
bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//No of bytes read in one read() call
int bytesRead = 0;
while((bytesRead=is.read(contents))!=-1)
bos.write(contents, 0, bytesRead);
bos.flush();
socket.close();
System.out.println("File saved successfully!");
}
}

Output

server
E:\nwlab>java FileServer
Sending file ... 9% complete!
Sending file ... 19% complete!
Sending file ... 28% complete!
Sending file ... 38% complete!
Sending file ... 47% complete!
Sending file ... 57% complete!
Sending file ... 66% complete!
Sending file ... 76% complete!
Sending file ... 86% complete!
Sending file ... 95% complete!
Sending file ... 100% complete! File sent successfully!

E:\nwlab>client
E:\nwlab>java FileClient File saved successfully!
E:\nwlab>
EXPERIMENT 9.a. Program to implement DNS in java
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class DNS
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n;
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); do
{
System.out.println("\n Menu: \n 1. DNS 2. Reverse DNS 3. Exit \n");
System.out.println("\n Enter your choice");
n = Integer.parseInt(System.console().readLine());
if(n==1)
{
try
{
System.out.println("\n Enter Host Name ");
String hname=in.readLine();
InetAddress address;
address = InetAddress.getByName(hname);
System.out.println("Host Name: " + address.getHostName()); System.out.println("IP:
" + address.getHostAddress());
}
catch(IOException ioe)
{
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(n==2)
{
try
{
System.out.println("\n Enter IP address");
String ipstr = in.readLine();
InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName(ipstr);
System.out.println("IP: "+ipstr);
System.out.println("Host Name: " +ia.getHostName());
}
catch(IOException ioe)
{
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
}while(!(n==3));
}
}
EXPERIMENT 10. STUDY OF NETWORK SIMULATOR (NS)
AIM:

To study about NS2 simulator in detail.

THEORY:

Network Simulator (Version 2), widely known as NS2, is simply an event driven
simulation tool that has proved useful in studying the dynamic nature of
communication networks. Simulation of wired as well as wireless network functions
and protocols (e.g., routing algorithms, TCP, UDP) can be done using NS2. In
general, NS2 provides users with a way of specifying such network protocols and
simulating their corresponding behaviors. Due to its flexibility and modular nature,
NS2 has gained constant popularity in the networking research community since its
birth in 1989.

Basic Architecture of NS2:

The above figure shows the basic architecture of NS2. NS2 provides users
with an executable command ns which takes on input argument, the name of a
Tcl simulation scripting file. Users are feeding the name of a Tcl simulation script
(which sets up a simulation) as an input argument of an NS2 executable
command ns.

In most cases, a simulation trace file is created, and is used to plot graph
and/or to create animation. NS2 consists of two key languages: C++ and Object-
oriented Tool Command Language (OTcl). While the C++ defines the internal
mechanism (i.e., a backend) of the
simulation objects, the OTcl sets up simulation by assembling and configuring the
objects as well as scheduling discrete events (i.e., a frontend).

The C++ and the OTcl are linked together using TclCL. Mapped to a C++
object, variables in the OTcl domains are sometimes referred to as handles.
Conceptually, a handle (e.g., n as a Node handle) is just a string (e.g.,_o10) in
the OTcl domain, and does not contain any functionality. instead, the functionality
(e.g., receiving a packet) is defined in the mapped C++ object (e.g., of class
Connector). In the OTcl domain, a handle acts as a frontend which interacts with
users and other OTcl objects. It may defines its own procedures and variables to
facilitate the interaction. Note that the member procedures and variables in the
OTcl domain are called instance procedures (instprocs) and instance variables
(instvars), respectively

Tcl scripting:

• Tcl is a general purpose scripting language. [Interpreter]

 • Tcl runs on most of the platforms such as Unix, Windows, and Mac.

• The strength of Tcl is its simplicity.

• It is not necessary to declare a data type for variable prior to the usage

Basics of TCL
Syntax: command arg1 arg2 arg3
Hello World!
puts stdout{Hello, World!}
Hello, World!

Variables

Command Substitution
set a 5 set len [string length foobar]
set b $a set len [expr [string length foobar] + 9]

Simple Arithmetic
expr 7.2 / 4
Procedures
proc Diag {a b} {
set c [expr sqrt($a * $a + $b * $b)]
return $c }
puts ―Diagonal of a 3, 4 right triangle is [Diag 3 4]‖
Output: Diagonal of a 3, 4 right triangle is 5.0

Loops
while{$i < $n} { for {set i 0} {$i < $n} {incr
... i} {
} ...
}

NS Simulator Preliminaries.
1. Initialization and termination aspects of the ns simulator.
2. Definition of network nodes, links, queues and topology.
3. Definition of agents and of applications.
4. The nam visualization tool.
5. Tracing and random variables.
Initialization and Termination of TCL Script in NS-2
An ns simulation starts with the command

set ns [new Simulator]

Which is thus the first line in the tcl script? This line declares a new variable as
using the set command, you can call this variable as you wish, In general people
declares it as ns because it is an instance of the Simulator class, so an object the
code[new Simulator] is indeed the installation of the class Simulator using the
reserved word new.
In order to have output files with data on the simulation (trace files) or files
used for visualization (nam files), we need to create the files using ―”open”
command: #Open the Trace file

set tracefile1 [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile1

#Open the NAM trace file

set namfile [open out.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

The above creates a dta trace file called ―out.tr‖ and a nam visualization trace file
called ―out.nam‖.Within the tcl script,these files are not called explicitly by their
names, but instead by pointers that are declared above and called ―tracefile1
and ―nam file respectively. Remark that they begins with a # symbol.The second
line open the file ―out.tr‖ to be used for writing, declared with the letter ―w‖.The
third line uses a simulator method called trace-all that have as parameter the name
of the file where the traces will go.
The last line tells the simulator to record all simulation traces in NAM input
format. It also gives the file name that the trace will be written to later by the
command $ns flush-trace. In our case, this will be the file pointed at by the
pointer ―$namfile ,i.e the file ―out.tr‖. The termination of the program is done
using a ―finish‖ procedure.
#Define a „finish‟ procedure

Proc finish { } {
global ns tracefile1 namfile
$ns flush-trace
Close $tracefile1
Close $namfile
 Exec nam out.nam &
Exit 0

The word proc declares a procedure in this case called finish and without arguments.
The word global is used to tell that we are using variables declared outside the
procedure. The simulator method ―flush-trace” will dump the traces on the
respective files. The tcl command
―close” closes the trace files defined before and exec executes the nam
program for visualization.
The command exit will ends the application and return the number 0 as status to the
system. Zero
is the default for a clean exit. Other values can be used to say that is a exit because
something fails.

At the end of ns program we should call the procedure ―finish‖ and specify at what
time the termination should occur. For example,

$ns at 125.0 “finish”

will be used to call ―finish‖ at time 125sec.Indeed,the at method of the simulator

allows us to
schedule events explicitly.
The simulation can then begin using the command

$ns run

Definition of a network of links and nodes

The way to define a node is

set n0 [$ns node]

The node is created which is printed by the variable n0. When we shall refer to
that node in the
script we shall thus write $n0.
Once we define several nodes, we can define the links that connect them. An
example of a definition of a link is:

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 10Mb 10ms DropTail

Which means that $n0 and $n2 are connected using a bi-directional link that
has 10ms of propagation delay and a capacity of 10Mb per sec for each direction.
To define a directional link instead of a bi-directional one, we should replace
“duplexlink” by “simplex link”.
In NS, an output queue of a node is implemented as a part of each link
whose input is that node. The definition of the link then includes the way to handle
overflow at that queue. In our case, if the buffer capacity of the output queue is
exceeded then the last packet to
arrive is dropped. Many alternative options exist, such as the RED (Random Early
Discard) mechanism, the FQ (Fair Queuing), the DRR (Deficit Round Robin), the
stochastic Fair Queuing (SFQ) and the CBQ (which including a priority and a round-
robin scheduler). In ns, an output queue of a node is implemented as a part of each
link whose input is that node. We should also define the buffer capacity of the queue
related to each link. An example would be:

#set Queue Size of link (n0-n2) to 20

$ns queue-limit $n0 $n2 20

Agents and Applications

We need to define routing (sources, destinations) the agents (protocols) the
application that use them

FTP over TCP

TCP is a dynamic reliable congestion control protocol. It uses Acknowledgements
created by the destination to know whether packets are well received. There are
number variants of the TCP protocol, such as Tahoe, Reno, NewReno, Vegas. The
type of agent appears in the first line:

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

The command $ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp defines the source node of the tcp
connection. The command

set sink [new Agent /TCPSink]

Defines the behavior of the destination node of TCP and assigns to it a pointer

called sink #Setup a UDP connection

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $null
$ns connect $udp $null
$udp set fid_2
#setup a CBR over UDP connection

set cbr [new

 Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set packetsize_ 100
$cbr set rate_ 0.01Mb
$cbr set random_ false

Above shows the definition of a CBR application using a UDP agent. The
command $ns attach-agent $n4 $sink defines the destination node. The
command $ns connect $tcp $sink finally makes the TCP connection between the
source and destination nodes.

TCP has many parameters with initial fixed defaults values that can be
changed if mentioned explicitly. For example, the default TCP packet size has a size
of 1000bytes.This can be changed to another value, say 552bytes, using the
command $tcp set packetSize_ 552. When we have several flows, we may wish to
distinguish them so that we can identify them with different colors in the visualization
part. This is done by the command $tcp set fid_ 1 that assigns to the TCP connection
a flow identification of “1”.We shall later give the flow identification of “2” to the UDP
connection.

CBR over UDP

A UDP source and destination is defined in a similar way as in the case of TCP.
Instead of defining the rate in the command $cbr set rate_ 0.01Mb, one can
define the time interval between transmission of packets using the command.

$cbr set interval_ 0.005

The packet size can be set to some value using

$cbr set packetSize_ <packet size>

Scheduling Events
NS is a discrete event based simulation. The tcp script defines when event
should occur. The initializing command set ns [new Simulator] creates an event
scheduler, and events are then scheduled using the format:

$ns at <time> <event>

The scheduler is started when running ns that is through the command $ns run. The
beginning and end of the FTP and CBR application can be done through the
following command

$ns at 0.1 “$cbr start”

$ns at 1.0 “ $ftp start”
 $ns at 124.0 “$ftp stop”
$ns at 124.5 “$cbr stop”

RESULT:
Thus the Network Simulator 2 is studied in detail.
EXPERIMENT 11. Simulation of Distance Vector/Link State
Routing. .
a) Distance Vector routing protocol ROUTING
Aim:
To simulate and study the link state routing algorithm using simulation using NS2.

Distance Vector routing protocol

Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network. In the past, the
term routing was also used to mean forwarding network traffic among networks.
However this latter function is muchbetter described as simply forwarding. Routing
is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network (circuit
switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation
networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks
using packet switching technology
.In packet switching networks, routing directs packet forwarding (the transit of
logically addressed network packets from their source toward their ultimate
destination) through intermediate nodes. Intermediate nodes are typically network
hardware devices such as routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches.
General-purpose computers can also forward packets and perform routing, though
they are not specialized hardware and may suffer from limited performance. The
routing process usually directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables which
maintain a record of the routes to various network destinations. Thus, constructing
routing tables, which are held in the router's memory, is very important for efficient
routing. Most routing algorithms use only one network path at a time. Multipath
routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths. In case of
overlapping/equal routes, the following elements are considered in order to decide
which routes get installed into the routing table (sorted by priority):
1. Prefix-Length: where longer subnet masks are preferred (independent of
whether it is within a routing
protocol or over different routing protocol)
2. Metric: where a lower metric/cost is preferred (only valid within one and the
same routing protocol)
3. Administrative distance: where a lower distance is preferred (only valid between
different routing protocols) Routing, in a more narrow sense of the term, is often
contrasted with bridging in its assumption that network addresses are structured
and that similar addresses imply proximity within the network. Structured addresses
allow a single routing table entry to represent the route to a group of devices. In
large networks,
structured addressing (routing, in the narrow sense) outperforms unstructured
addressing (bridging). Routing has become the dominant form of addressing on the
Internet. Bridging is still widely used within localized environments.

Algorithm
There are several variants of flooding algorithm. Most work roughly
as follows:
1. Each node acts as both a transmitter and a receiver.
2. Each node tries to forward every message to every one of its neighbours
except the source node. This results in every message eventually being
delivered to all reachable parts of the network. Algorithms may need to be
more complex than this, since, in
some case, precautions have to be taken to avoid wasted duplicate deliveries
and infinite loops, and to allow messages to eventually expire from the system. A
variant of flooding called selective flooding partially addresses these issues by
only sending packets to routers in the same direction. In selective flooding the
routers don't send every incoming packet on every line but only on those lines
which are going approximately in the right direction.

Program:
set ns [new Simulator]

set nf [open out.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $nf

set tr [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tr

proc finish {} {
global nf ns tr
$ns flush-trace
close $tr
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n3 10Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right-down

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n3 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n1 orient right-up

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp

set ftp [new Application/FTP]

 $ftp attach-agent $tcp

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n2 $udp

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $null

$ns connect $tcp $sink

$ns connect $udp $null

$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n1 $n3

$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $n1 $n3

$ns rtproto DV

$ns at 0.0 "$ftp start"

$ns at 0.0 "$cbr start"

$ns at 5.0 "finish"

$ns run
Result:
Thus the Distance Vector Routing Algorithm was Simulated and studied
b) SIMULATION OF LINK STATE ROUTING ALGORITHM
Aim:
To simulate and study the link state routing algorithm using simulation using
NS2. Link State Routing protocol
In link state routing, each router shares its knowledge of its neighborhood with
every other router in the
internet work. (i) Knowledge about Neighborhood: Instead of sending its entire
routing table a router sends
info about its neighborhood only. (ii) To all Routers: each router sends this
information to every other router
on the internet work not just to its neighbor .It does so by a process called
flooding. (iii)Information sharing
when there is a change: Each router sends out information about the neighbors
when there is change.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a simulator object
2. Define different colors for different data flows
3. Open a nam trace file and define finish procedure then close the trace file,
and execute nam on trace file.
4. Create n number of nodes using for loop
5. Create duplex links between the nodes
6. Setup UDP Connection between n(0) and n(5)
7. Setup another UDP connection between n(1) and n(5)
8. Apply CBR Traffic over both UDP connections
9. Choose Link state routing protocol to transmit data from sender to
receiver. 10. Schedule events and run the program.

Program:
set ns [new Simulator]
 set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf

set tr [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tr

proc finish {} {
global nf ns tr
$ns flush-trace
close $tr
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n3 10Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right-down

$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n3 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n1 orient right-up

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp

set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $tcp

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n2 $udp

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $null

$ns connect $tcp $sink

$ns connect $udp $null

$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n1 $n3

$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $n1 $n3

$ns rtproto LS

$ns at 0.0 "$ftp start"

$ns at 0.0 "$cbr start"

$ns at 5.0 "finish"

$ns run

Result:
Thus the program for creating Simulation of Distance Vector/Link
State Routing was implemented.
EXPERIMENT-12

Aim: To learn handling and configuration of networking hardware like RJ-45 connector,
CAT-6 cable, crimping tool, etc.

Apparatus (Components): RJ-45 connector, Climping Tool, Twisted pair Cable Procedure:
To do these practical following steps should be done:

1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be very
careful at this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so could alter
the characteristics of your cable, or even worse render is useless. Check the wires, one
more time for nicks or cuts. If there are any, just whack the whole end off, and start over.

2. Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other
hand. You do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket. Category 5
cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of 'untwisted' wire at the end; otherwise it will be 'out of
spec'. At this point, you obviously have ALOT more than 1/2 of an inch of un-twistedwire.

3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a pre-made
cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the crossed over
end. Below are two diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the cables for each type
of cable end. Decide at this point which end you are making and examine the associated
picture below.
Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired

connection

EXPERIMENT-13
Aim: Study of following Network Devices in Detail
∙ Repeater
∙ Hub
∙ Switch
∙ Bridge
∙ Router
∙ Gate Way

Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.

Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical.

1. Repeater:Functioning at Physical Layer.A repeater is an electronic device that receives a

signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have two ports ,so
cannot be use to connect for more than two devices

2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is
a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and
making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of
the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in
collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

3. Switch:A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that

connects network segments.The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes
and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally
process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3
switches or multilayer switches.

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device
that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch are very much
alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used
interchangeably with bridge.Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to determine if the
bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment of the network.

5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer

networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet
contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination
are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to
another. Where multiple routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks,
the routers exchange information about target system addresses, so that each router can
build up a table showing the preferred paths between any two systems on the
interconnected networks.

6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with
another network that uses different protocols.
∙ A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices,
rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system
interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative
procedures between both networks.
∙ A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network
protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.
EXPERIMENT- 14

Aim: Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands. Apparatus

(Software): Command Prompt And Packet Tracer.

Procedure: To do this EXPERIMENT- follows these steps:

In this EXPERIMENT- students have to understand basic networking commands e.g ping,
tracert etc.

All commands related to Network configuration which includes how to switch to privilege
mode and normal mode and how to configure router interface and how to save this
configuration to flash memory or permanent memory.
This commands includes

∙ Configuring the Router commands

∙ General Commands to configure network
∙ Privileged Mode commands of a router
∙ Router Processes & Statistics
∙ IP Commands
∙ Other IP Commands e.g.show ip route etc.
ping:
ping(8) sends an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet to the specified host. If the host responds,
you get an ICMP packet back. Sound strange? Well, you can “ping” an IP address to see if a
machine is alive. If there is no response, you know something is wrong.

Traceroute:

Tracert is a command which can show you the path a packet of information takes from your
computer to one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its
destination, or fails to and is discarded. In addition to this, it will tell you how long each 'hop'
from router to router takes.
nslookup:

Displays information from Domain Name System (DNS) name servers. NOTE :If you write
the command as above it shows as default your pc's server name firstly.
ARP:

The ARP commands to view, display, or modify the details/information in an ARP

table/cache.

The ARP cache or table has the dynamic list of IP and MAC addresses of those
devices to which your computer has communicated recently in a local network. The
purpose of maintaining an ARP table is that when you want to communicate with
another device, your device does not need to send the ARP request for the MAC
address of that device.

TELNET:
Telnet is an application that is used to connect to a remote host’s command line
terminal interface. Network and system administrators use this application to
configure and administer network devices such as servers, routers, switches, etc.
This application is based on the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP).

FTP:
FTP is the simplest file transfer protocol to exchange files to and from a remote
computer or network. Similar to Windows, Linux and UNIX operating systems also
have built-in command line prompts that can be used as FTP clients to make an FTP
connection.
In any command mode, you can get a list of available commands by entering a question mark (?).
EXPERIMENT-15

Aim: Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software.

Apparatus (Software): Packet tracer Software

Procedure: To implement this practical following network topology is required to be

configured using the commands learned in previous practical.

After configuring the given network a packet should be ping from any one machine to
another.

Router0 Configuration Command :.........

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no

Press RETURN to get started!

Router>
Router>Enable
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname router0
router0(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
router0(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 router0(config-if)#description
router0 fastethernet 0/0 router0(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up router0(config-if)#exit

router0(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1

router0(config-if)#description router0 fastethernet 0/1 router0(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up router0(config-if)#exit

router0(config)#exit

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console router0#show running-config

Building configuration...

Current configuration : 437 bytes

!
version 12.4
no service password-encryption
!
hostname router0
!
!
!
!
!
ip ssh version 1
!
!
interface FastEthernet0/0

description router0 fastethernet 0/0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto

speed auto
!
interface FastEthernet0/1

description router0 fastethernet 0/1 no ip address

duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address

shutdown
!
ip classless
!
!
!
!
!
line con 0
line vty 0 4
login
!
!
end
router0#
router0#

router0#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building

configuration...

[OK]
router0#