Week 5 Fundamentals of Network Communication PDF

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Peer-graded Assignment: Fundamentals of Network and Digital Communication

Please give an answer to each question concisely.

1. Raise two main advantages of packet switching, compared to message switching.

2. Given a 20-bit frame and bit-error-rate p in communication. What is the probability that
the frame has no error? What is the probability of 1-bit errors?

3. Give two features that the data link layer and transport layer have in common, and
further give two features in which they differ.

4. Which OSI layer is responsible for (a) determining the best path to route packets; (b)
providing end-to-end reliable communications; (c) providing node-to-node reliable
communications?

5. How does the network layer in a connection-oriented packet-switching network differ


from the network layer in a connectionless packet-switching network?

ANSWERS :

Reducing delay, The first packet of a multi packet message can be forwarded before the second
one has completely arrived.

Probability
I. Probability that the frame has no error, P=(1-p)20P=(1-p)z
II. Probability of 1-bit errors, P=(201)p(1-p)19

Data layer & Transport layer


❖ Two features that the data link layer and transport layer have in common
● Both layers offer recovery from transmission errors.
● Provides flow control.
❖ Two features that the data link layer and transport layer differs :
● Data layer can be used for transmission of data while transport layer is not used for data
transmission.
● Data layer has only 2 layers while the transport layer consists of 4 layers.

OSI layers
A. Network layer
B. Transport layer
C. Transport layer
Network layer
● Connection oriented service is related to the telephone system. It includes the
connection establishment and connection termination. In connection-oriented service,
the Handshake method is used to establish the connection between sender and
receiver.
● Connection-less service is related to the postal system. It does not include any
connection establishment and connection termination. Connection less Service does not
give the guarantee of reliability. In this, Packets do not follow the same path to reach
their destination.

A bit stream 1101011011 is transmitted using the standard CRC method. The polynomial
generator is x+ x + 1. What is the actual bit string transmitted? Show the major steps to
your answer.

Bit stream= 1101011011


The bit stream is transmitted,
Polynomial generator = x+x=1
The Bit form = 111
Thus, n=3.

Suppose a IP header consists of four 16-bit words: (11111111 11111111, 11111111


00000000, 11110000 11110000, 11000000 11000000). Please find the Internet checksum
for the code.

bO = 11111117 11111111 = 2416- 1 = 65535


b1 = 11111111 00000000 = 65280
b2 = 11110000 11110000 = 61680
b3 = 11000000 11000000 = 49344

x= b0 + b1 + b2 + b3 modulo 65535 = 241839 modulo 65535 = 45234


b4 = -x modulo 65535 = 20301

The internet checksum = 01001111 01001101


Suppose that a group of computers is connected to an Ethernet LAN. If the computers
communicate only with each other, does it make sense to use IP protocol in the
computers? Should the computers run TCP directly over Ethernet? How is addressing
handled?

Indeed, IP convention can be utilized in the PC, since the IP convention is a lot of necessities
for tending to also as directing information on the Internet. Moreover, The PCs ought not run
TCP legitimately over Ethernet. Since, the computer can't run principles based TCP without IP,
as TCP uses IP addresses. There is a need to utilize an individual custom streaming convention
that depends on Ethernet or another link layer as a lower layer.

(1) The figures below show the TCP/UDP communication pattern diagrams. Which
diagram works for TCP? Why?

(2) Fill the missing steps (blank boxes) in both diagrams for TCP/UDP correspondingly.

Answers :

1) Diagram (b) will work for TCP, since it is a network protocol that shows the details of how
data is sent as well as received.
2) Missing steps : (a) bind, connect , (b) bind>listen>accept, connect.

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