Johnson County Community College
Johnson County Community College
Johnson County Community College
JOHNSON COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
SUBJECTVERB AGREEMENT
Principle
Every verb should agree in number with its subject. In other words, a singular subject
requires a singular verb; a plural subject requires a plural verb.
Reasons for Faulty Agreement
Sometimes lack of agreement is the result of carelessness.
Sometimes the writer can identify the subject and verb with no problem. But then the
writer applies incorrect usage because he/she is unfamiliar with the various verb forms or
has simply formed a habit of using verb forms incorrectly.
Incorrect: We was going to the movies. Correct: We were going to the movies.
Singular Singular Plural Plural
Subject Verb Subject Verb
1st person I was We were
2nd person You were (All of) You were
3rd person He/She/It was They were
Incorrect: It look like a storm is coming up. Correct: It looks like a storm is coming up.
Singular Singular Singular Singular
Subject Verb Subject Verb
1st person I look We look
2nd person You look (All of) You look
3rd person He/She/It looks They look
Perhaps the writer is not familiar with correctly writing plural and singular subjects. If a
singular subject is used when the writer uses a plural verb, the problem might be that the
writer wrote the incorrect form of the noun.
Incorrect: All the fly around here are driving me crazy.
Correct: All of the flies around here are driving me crazy.
Incorrect: Fall is a beautiful time of the year; this is when the leaf change color.
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Correct: Fall is a beautiful time of the year; this is when the leaves change color.
Incorrect: Documented over and over again and proven in hundreds of study is
the fact that mother's chicken soup is an effective medicine.
Correct: Documented over and over again and proven in hundreds of studies is
the fact that mother's chicken soup is an effective medicine.
If you are familiar with singular and plural verbs and nouns, but from time to time still make
subjectverb agreement errors, the reason may be the one that frequently plagues writers:
difficulty identifying the subject because words intervene between the subject and the verb.
Which noun is the subject in the following sentence?
noun noun verb
Each year, the size of the bears amaze me.
Subject = size Verb = amazes
(The bears do not amaze me; their size amazes me.)
Which noun is the subject in the following sentence?
noun noun verb
The services of a doctor was needed.
Subject = services Verb = were needed
(The doctor was not needed; her services were needed.)
To avoid making subjectverb agreement errors in your writing, here are some
RULES TO REMEMBER
1. Don't be confused by words or phrases that intervene between the subject and verb. Find
the subject and make the verb agree with it.
The coach, as well as the players, was/were happy over the victory.
subject = coach verb = was
A man such as Alex, John, or Harry is/are not going to be very happy with such a low
salary.
subject = man verb = is
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2. Compound and plural subjects take plural verbs whether or not the subject is inverted
(e.g., the verb precedes the subject).
Music, theater, and art is/are grouped as the fine arts.
A dog and cat is/are seldom friends.
Carefully noting my two bald tires was/were a policeman.
Lumbering off the ark's gangplank was/were the elephants.
3. Use a singular verb when the two parts of a compound subject refer to the same person or
thing.
one and the same person sing.
My roommate and best friend is/are Jim.
one person sing.
Snow White's mother and worst enemy wait/waits nearby with a poisoned apple.
4. Use a singular verb when a plural subject represents a unit idea.
sing. sing.
Cornflakes is/are my favorite cereal.
sing. sing.
Ten dollars is/are too much for that scarf.
Graham, Marks, and Wood is/are a law firm specializing in international law.
5. Use the appropriate verb when subjects are joined by or or nor.
a. Singular subjects joined by or or nor take singular verbs.
sing. sing. sing.
A child or teenager is/are eligible to win the prize.
sing. sing. sing.
Neither Thomas nor Evelyn wants/want to give a speech.
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b. Plural subjects joined by or or nor take plural verbs.
plural plural pl.
Players or their spouses was/were permitted to sit in the audience.
plural plural plural
The decision as to whether his sisters or brothers rakes/rake the yard was left up to him.
c. If one subject is singular and the other plural and they are joined by or or nor, the verb
agrees with the nearest subject.
sing. plural pl.
Mary or her sisters has/have to do it.
plural sing. singular
It was either his poor bindings or his bad form that was/were responsible for his fall.
singular plural plural
If California or the other western states agrees/agree with his stand on the proposed
conservation measures, then more land will become part of the national parks system.
6. A verb of being (to be) agrees with its subject, not the complement following it, unless
the subject is a what clause followed by a plural subject.
sing. sing.
His mania was/were cameras.
sing. subject sing.
Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Japan is/are the topic for discussion at the next
council meeting.
what clause pl. pl.
What concerns me most is/are the conditions they have to endure.
sing. sing.
The best part of the meal is/are the coffee and cookies.
plural
plural
Coffee and cookies is/are the best part of the meal.
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7. A verb of being (to be) introduced by there agrees with the subject following it.
pl. plural
There was/were one hundred guests at the party.
sing sing.
There is/are no reason to be upset.
8. Singular indefinite pronouns require singular verbs. These indefinite pronouns are
singular:
either each anybody nobody
neither everyone someone one
many a one everybody somebody another
such a anyone no one anything
every
sing. sing.
Each student has/have his or her own money.
sing. sing
Each of the students has/have his or her own money.
sing. sing.
Everyone leaves/leave together.
sing. sing.
Someone is/are speaking now.
sing. sing.
One of you has/have made a mistake.
plural sing. sing.
9. Some nouns or pronouns are considered singular or plural according to the singular or
plural number of the key word in a modifying phrase.
Examples: some, all, half, none (no one or not any), more, most.
sing. sing.
Some of my money has/have been stolen.
plural plural
Some of our students has/have been awarded scholarships.
sing. sing.
There is no food left; all of it has/have been eaten.
plural pl. pl.
No students are left in the building; each of them has/have taken cover from the
storm.
(Although Αstudents≅ is plural, the subsequent use of Αeach≅ requires a singular
verb.)
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plural plural plural plural
No students are left in the building; all of them has/have taken cover from the
storm.
sing. sing.
Half of this cake has/have been eaten.
plural plural
Half of these cookies has/have been eaten.
10. Relative pronouns referring to plural antecedents require plural verbs; relative
pronouns referring to singular antecedents require singular verbs.
plural pron. pl.
Each club has its own officers who conduct the club's business.
sing. pron. sing.
Our city has an excellent park which attracts many picnickers.
11. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the group is regarded as a unit, a plural
verb when the individuals of the group are regarded separately.
Some common collective nouns:
army flock orchestra
clergy group pain
committee herd squad
company jury team
couple mob public
crowd class
family multitude
Ex. The class is/are ready for the test. (sing. unit)
The class has/have their books open and is/are studying. (individuals)
Remember the following points about collective nouns.
1. Measurements are singular as a unit but plural as individual objects.
unitsing. sing.
Ex. Five miles is a long walk.
unitsing. sing.
Six months is a long time to wait.
indivpl. pl.
Six months have passed since we last saw her.
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2. Numbers are singular when expressing division or subtraction.
Ex. Four divided by three is twelve.
Numbers can be singular or plural when expressing multiplication or
addition.
Ex. Two times two is/are four (can be either)
3. Words ending in ics may be singular or plural depending on how they are
used.
sing.
Ex. Physics is/are a hard course. (sing. unit)
plural
Athletics is/are expensive. (num. sports)
4. Data and other Latin words ending in a are plural and in formal writing
should use a plural verb; however, in informal writing they often use singular
verbs.
formal/informal
Ex. The data are/is reliable. (can be either)
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Tropical Fruits is/are a new fruit punch on the market.
When the Subject Looks Plural But is Singular in Meaning
Ten dollars is/are too much to spend on a scarf.
The news about spiral galaxies seem/seems unbelievable. There are many subjects that look plural (in other words, that end in
Mumps make/makes one’s cheeks hurt and cause/causes swelling s) but are singular in meaning. These include the names of school
and fever. subjectsmathematics, linguistics, physics, economics, civicsand
Five years is/are certainly a long time to wait. the names of some diseasesmeasles, mumps, AIDS, and herpes.
They also include miscellaneous words like politics and news.
On top of the building was/were TV antennas. Compound and plural subjects take plural verbs whether or not the
Carefully noting my two bald tires was/were a policeman. subject is inverted (e.g., the verb precedes the subject).
Located five miles away was/were a prison and a hospital.
A prison and a hospital was/were located five miles away.
If several winter sports or just skiing is/are of interest to you, then the When two or more subjects in a sentence are joined by or or
Rocky Mountains is/are the place to be this winter. nor, the verb form is usually determined by the subject that is
John or his friends is/are responsible for breaking the window.
closest to the verb.
Neither of the local libraries has/have the book I need. Singular indefinite pronouns require singular verbs.
Neither the producer, the director, nor the author was/were able to
prevent Brando from walking off the set.
Neither the leader nor the members of the Black Knights has/have
been seen in the park.
Either the dean or his assistant was/were to have handled the matter.
Some nouns or pronouns are considered singular or plural according
to the singular or plural number of the key word in a modifying phrase.
The burden of sales taxes falls/fall on the poor. Words that come between a subject and its verb do not affect
The color of the stage setting seems drab. the number (singular or plural) of the subject.
The colors of the stage setting seem drab.
Companies such as General Motors has/have many thousands of
employees.
The repetition of notes in many jazz pieces is/are a major reason for
their success.
The cost of books has/have been rising.
The operation of two farms keeps/keep my father busy.
A woman who has a career and a family has very little time for herself.
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Each man and woman was/were questioned by the reporter. He is the only one of all the councilmen who is/are opposed to the
Everyone is/are planning to attend the concert. project.
When used as a subject, the following pronouns are always
considered singular and need verbs with s endings on them in the
present tense: each, either, neither, every, everybody, everyone,
everything, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone,
something, nobody, no one, nothing.
Either of the parents is going to explode soon. When a singular pronoun, such as either, neither, each, or
Neither parent is in control. every is separated from its verb by other words, it is easy to get
Each of the family members has to control his or her aggression. confused about the form of the verb. Remember that words that
come
between a subject and its verb do not affect the number of the
subject or the form of the verb.
The team of scientists monitors the Milky Way. A collective noun is the name of a group that usually
The team of scientists disagree about those stars. functions like a single unit. Some examples include family, class,
This group of stars is known as the Andromeda Galaxy. audience, crowd, committee, team, jury, orchestra and group. If you
That group of stars have separated to form new galaxies. are referring to the group as a single unit, then the noun is a
singular subject (and needs an s ending on its verb). If you are
There is one collective noun that does function like the referring to the individual members of the group, then the noun is
others listed above: the word number. When it is used in the phrase a plural subject.
the number of, it is always a singular subject, and when it is used
in the phrase a number of, it is always a plural subject.
A number of galaxies are shaped like disks.
The number of diskshaped galaxies is growing.
The pronouns some, none, any, and most can be
either singular
or plural subjects depending upon the words that
follow them. For
example, some can mean "more than one," in which
case the subject
is plural, or it can mean "a part of one," in
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which case the
subject is singular.
Some of the families studied commit
emotional abuse.
Some of the problem is caused by
television.
Most of the family members remain silent
about it.
Most of the information comes from their
neighbors.
What frequently annoys me is/are the tapping of pencils while I'm trying to read.
Books is/are a necessity in her life.
A necessity in her life is/are books.
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Each muscle of the frog's body and each organ was/were carefully examined by the student
The crowd of people has/have saluted the flag in the past.
Half of the buildings is/are dilapidated and should be torn down.
Half of the building is/are dilapidated and should be torn down.
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